Understanding the Effectiveness of Diesel Fuel Flow Improvers

Reddy, S. R.; McMillan, Michael L.

doi:10.4271/811181

Cited by 20 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…It is believed that the wax crystal growth rate is slower with crude oils containing a wide normal paraffin distribution than with oils having a narrow normal paraffin distribution. The normal paraffin distribution of BH crude is symmetrical with a lower average molecular weight.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkyl Fumarate−Vinyl Acetate Copolymer as Flow Improver for High Waxy Indian Crude Oils

et al. 1996

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A number of alkyl fumarate-vinyl acetate copolymers having a wide range of molecular weights were prepared by solution polymerization using a variety of solvents. The efficacy of these copolymers as flow improvers (FI)/pour point depressants (PPD) was tested on Indian crude oils having similar wax (<12%) and asphaltene (<0.5%) contents. The results indicate that the performance of the additives is dependent on the molecular weight of the polymer. The highest molecular weight copolymer is the best additive for crude oils that have a broad range of normal paraffins and lower average carbon numbers. The addition of the lowest molecular weight copolymer resulted in the best efficacy for crude oils containing a narrow range of normal paraffins with higher average carbon numbers. Intermediate molecular weight copolymers are best for crude oils containing a broad range of normal paraffins and higher average carbon number. The peak shear stress and steady shear stress of gelled Bombay High (BH) crude oil (at 16 °C) gave a high peak shear stress, which can be reduced by inclusion of surface active agents without affecting the overall rheology of the treated crude oil.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkyl Fumarate−Vinyl Acetate Copolymer as Flow Improver for High Waxy Indian Crude Oils

et al. 1996

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“…Low‐temperature flowing property (LTFP) is the most important parameter for a low‐temperature flow improver 27–29. The MAA–styrene copolymer microspheres were used as flow improver for diesel; LTFT was tested according to an ASTM D 4539 low‐temperature flow test procedure.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of polymer microspheres in supercritical carbon dioxide and their evaluation as cold‐flow improvers in diesel

Zhang

Cui

Wei

et al. 2010

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Polymeric microspheres were synthesized by the precipitation copolymerization of methacrylic acid and styrene in supercritical carbon dioxide. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the products were spherical microparticles. The mean diameter of the particles was 0.2-2 lm. The synthesis conditions affecting the particle size and morphology were examined in detail. The welldistributed copolymer microspheres were applied as lowtemperature improvers for diesel. The results showed excellent performance for high-paraffin diesel at low temperatures.

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“…The exact nature of most commercially available additives is proprietary. Treatment rates and the specific additive formulation used are a strong function of the fuel composition and depend in large part on the distribution of molecular weights of the normal paraffins in the fuel and the concentration of high molecular weight paraffins (75). Fuels having a wide distribution of molecular weights are the most responsive to flow improver additives.…”

Section: Diesel Fuel Manufacture the Biggest Factors In Determining Howmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gasoline and Other Motor Fuels

Hochhauser

2004

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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All motor fuel in the United States is manufactured by private companies. Many of these are vertically integrated. That is, the same company finds the crude oil or buys it from a producing government, refines it into finished products, and then sells these products to independent retailers who specialize in that company's blended products or sells them at company operated service stations. There are also a significant number of companies that participate in only some aspects of the business cycle such as refining or marketing.Four groups are involved in the production or use of motor fuels in the United States: (1) manufacturers of the vehicles; (2) manufacturers and/or marketers of the fuels; (3) purchasers and users of fuels and vehicles; and (4) federal, state, and local regulatory agencies (qv). Each has a different role.Vehicle manufacturers must build cars and trucks that operate well on available fuels. They also specify the fuel requirements of their vehicles. Fuel marketers must produce fuels that operate in both new and old vehicles. The consumer, the purchaser of the fuel and the vehicle, wants the fuel to be affordable, readily available, and able to provide a high level of performance. Regulators check that fuels are labeled properly and meaningfully and that no unwarranted claims are made. They also regulate emissions from vehicles and set fuel specifications based on environmental considerations.Appropriate specifications are set when the vehicle and the fuel are viewed as a system, and when all four groups, or stakeholders, work together to define cost effective and efficient solutions that satisfy the needs of all stakeholders. The American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), now known as ASTM International was founded in 1902 to promote just such a process. ASTM Committee D-2 provides a forum for regulators, vehicle manufacturers, fuel producers, and consumers to develop and recommend nonbinding standards for petroleum products. Among the types of ASTM standards are Specifications and Test methods. Specifications define a precise set of requirements to be satisfied by a material. Test methods define procedures for measuring qualities and characteristics of a material. Specifications for gasoline are contained in ASTM D 4814 (4) and for automotive diesel fuel in ASTM D 975 (5). These standards are updated periodically.ASTM committees must be balanced in that the number of voting producers must not be greater than the number of voting nonproducers. For petroleum products, nonproducers are regulators, consumers, and equipment manufacturers. Committee chairs must be nonproducers. Although standards must be approved by a majority, all negative votes must be carefully considered and a response made. In practice, because all issues are fully discussed and the discussions are based on hard data, very few negative votes are cast when standards are submitted for final approval. Although ASTM specifications do not have the force of law, many states have adopted them as state regulation, thus forcing a...

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Understanding the Effectiveness of Diesel Fuel Flow Improvers

Cited by 20 publications

References 6 publications

Alkyl Fumarate−Vinyl Acetate Copolymer as Flow Improver for High Waxy Indian Crude Oils

Alkyl Fumarate−Vinyl Acetate Copolymer as Flow Improver for High Waxy Indian Crude Oils

Preparation of polymer microspheres in supercritical carbon dioxide and their evaluation as cold‐flow improvers in diesel

Gasoline and Other Motor Fuels

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