Understanding the Fate of the Banert Cascade of Propargylic Azides: Sigmatropic versus Prototropic Pathway

Abstract

The Banert cascade is an efficient synthetic strategy for obtaining 4,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. The reaction can proceed via a sigmatropic or prototropic mechanism depending on the substrate and the conditions. In this work, the mechanisms of both pathways from propargylic azides with different electronic features were investigated using density functional theory, quantum theory of atoms in molecules, and natural bond orbital approaches. The calculated energy barriers were consistent with the experimental data. Three patterns of electron density distribution on the transition structures were observed, which reflected the behaviors of the reactants in the Banert cascade. The stronger conjugative effects were associated with lower/higher free activation energies of sigmatropic/prototropic reactions, respectively. A clear relationship between the accumulation of the charge at the C3 atom of propargylic azides with the energy barriers for prototropic reactions was found. Thus, the obtained results would allow the prediction of the reaction’s course by evaluating reactants.