Understanding the growth of black phosphorus crystals

Zhao, Ming; Niu, Xinyue; Guan, Liao; Qian, Haolei; Wang, Wei; Sha, Jian; Wang, Yewu

doi:10.1039/c6ce01608a

Cited by 62 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Subsequently, the morphology and crystalline structure of the bulk BP was further characterized using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) image. As shown in Figure 1c,d, a ribbon-like structure was clearly observed with a clear lattice spacing of 0.218 nm, corresponding to the (002) planes of BP crystals, which is good in relation to previously reported values of BP single crystals [21][22][23]. To further confirm the characteristics of the BP crystals, selected area electron diffraction (SAED) was conducted ( Figure 1e, upper right inset of Figure 1d), which demonstrated the excellent crystallization of the corresponding materials.…”

Section: Synthesis Of High-quality Bp Single Crystalssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Furthermore, the XRD pattern of the bulk BP crystalline, presented in Figure 1g, revealed that the preferred growth crystallographic planes were all (0k0) planes in which the peaks were mainly located at~16 • , 34 • , and 52 • , corresponding to characteristic diffraction peaks of (020), (040), and (060) planes of orthorhombic BP (space group Cmca (no. 64)) [21][22][23]. Therefore, it can be concluded that BP single crystals were successfully fabricated using this mineralization route, endowing the possibility of precise analysis and application without purification in the future.…”

Section: Synthesis Of High-quality Bp Single Crystalsmentioning

confidence: 92%

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High-Quality Black Phosphorus Quantum Dots Fabricated via Microwave-Tailored Technology

Deng

et al. 2020

Nanomaterials

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Black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) have recently obtained great attention due to their high mobility and tunable bandgap features, which are beneficial for their potential application in photoelectronic devices. However, a precise synthesis of high-quality BPQDs is still a great challenge owing to the formation of an impurity phase when employing traditional methods. Herein, we demonstrate the scalable fabrication of BPQDs from mineralization-derived bulk black phosphorus (BP) single crystals by means of a microwave (MW)-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation method in ethanol. The primary results demonstrate that ethanol plays a crucial role in determining the final properties of BPQDs, such as their excellent tolerance to oxygen, good crystallinity, and uniform size. Furthermore, the mechanism behind the formation of BPQDs is proposed, revealing that a layer-by-layer disintegration process of bulk BP crystals under microwave-energy stimuli is responsible. This work may provide a novel path for the further development of BPQDs and corresponding devices.

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Section: Synthesis Of High-quality Bp Single Crystalssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Synthesis Of High-quality Bp Single Crystalsmentioning

confidence: 92%

High-Quality Black Phosphorus Quantum Dots Fabricated via Microwave-Tailored Technology

Deng

et al. 2020

Nanomaterials

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“…In addition to the Sn–I based reaction systems, a recent study shows that some other transition metals, like Pb, can fully or partially substitute Sn for the synthesis of BP crystals . Noteworthily, current studies reveal that iodine is an indispensable element in CVT based synthesis of BP, where iodine presents in forms of iodide or I 2 …”

Section: Cvt Based Synthesis Of Black Phosphorusmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…They believed that P–Sn–I compounds were first formed and then functioning as growth sites of BP. Later on, a series of experiments, by replacing Sn with other metals, such as Pb, Bi, and Cd, were performed . Interestingly, it was found that metallic Pb could replace Sn as an additive for BP synthesis.…”

Section: Cvt Based Synthesis Of Black Phosphorusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this case, the P–Pb–I compound was confirmed as the major byproduct when Pb and I 2 were used as mineralization additives. According to these phenomena, together with the binary P‐metal diagrams, a liquid solution assisted formation mechanism was proposed . In this mechanism, red phosphorus and Sn first form a molten alloy when temperature increases.…”

Section: Cvt Based Synthesis Of Black Phosphorusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical Vapor Transport Reactions for Synthesizing Layered Materials and Their 2D Counterparts

Wang

Luo

Lü

et al. 2019

Small

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semimetals (Si and Ge) to transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), which can be tuned from semiconductors to superconductors, have been intensively investigated. [8] Despite the recent advances in 2D materials, it is still challenging to obtain 2D materials with desired layers and size in facile and controllable manners.Indeed, continuous research has been carried out on the synthesis of 2D materials. [9] Generally, two synthetic strategies, known as top-down and bottom-up, are applied to obtain 2D materials. In the common top-down strategy, 2D materials are exfoliated from their bulk counterparts. Differently, using the bottom-up strategy, 2D materials with a few thin layers, even an atomically thin layer, can be directly synthesized from small building blocks such as molecules and atoms. [10] In these synthetic strategies for 2D materials, chemical vapor transport (CVT) reaction, an old yet powerful technology, plays an important role because CVT reactions can be used for both topdown and bottom-up syntheses of 2D materials. [11] CVT reactions represent a category of reactions with one common feature: a condensed phase, typically a solid, sublimes in the presence of a gaseous reactant (the mineralizer), and then deposits elsewhere usually in the form of crystals. [12] Notably, CVT is different from chemical vapor deposition (CVD), another chemical vapor-based approach for synthesizing 2D materials. Specifically, the main difference between CVT and CVD lies in the source materials for synthesizing products, where solid reactants are typically used in CVT and gaseous precursors are usually applied in CVD. The difference induces consequent differences in reactor design, operational control, and product features, thus bringing strengths and drawbacks for each approach. Since the discovery of CVT reaction by Bunsen in 1851, comprehensive understanding of CVT reactions in both experimental exploration and theoretical modeling has been established. [13] Furthermore, thousands of CVT reactions have been applied till now, producing a great variety of pure and crystalline solids, including metals, metalloids, intermetallic phases, metal oxides, halides, chalcogen halides, chalcogenides, and pnictides. [13,14] The knowledge about CVT reactions, together with the large number of applicable reactions, can offer opportunities for the controllable synthesis of 2D materials and the exploration of new 2D materials. Unfortunately, for the preparation of 2D materials, in stark contrast to the wide application of CVD, 2D materials, namely thin layers of layered materials, are attracting much attention because of their unique electronic, optical, thermal, and catalytic properties for wide applications. To advance both the fundamental studies and further practical applications, the scalable and controlled synthesis of large-sized 2D materials is desired, while there still lacks ideal approaches. Alternatively, the chemical vapor transport reaction is an old but powerful technique, and is recently adopted for synthesizing 2D material...

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Low‐Dimensional Black Phosphorus in Sensor Applications: Advances and Challenges

Zhang

Bi³

et al. 2021

Adv Funct Materials

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Low-dimensional black phosphorus (LDBP) materials have emerged, with considerable application potential in sensing due to their unique folded structures and remarkable physicochemical properties. These include anisotropies, layer-dependent and tunable band gaps, high carrier mobilities, high current switching ratios, and excellent electron donor capacities. As a type of supporting material that is favorable to signal transmission or reception, LDBP is widely researched in piezoelectric, flexible, chemical, and biomolecular sensors. This review summarizes the synthetic methods, properties, and modification strategies of LDBP, and then mainly focuses on the research progress in LDBP-based sensor applications, including physical and chemical sensors and biosensors. The major issues in LDBP-based sensor applications are also discussed. Finally, the prospects and challenges in the field of LDBPbased sensors are analyzed.

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Understanding the growth of black phosphorus crystals

Cited by 62 publications

References 30 publications

High-Quality Black Phosphorus Quantum Dots Fabricated via Microwave-Tailored Technology

High-Quality Black Phosphorus Quantum Dots Fabricated via Microwave-Tailored Technology

Chemical Vapor Transport Reactions for Synthesizing Layered Materials and Their 2D Counterparts

Low‐Dimensional Black Phosphorus in Sensor Applications: Advances and Challenges

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