Understanding the human salivary metabolome

Takeda, Ienaka; Stretch, Cynthia; Barnaby, Pamela; Bhatnager, Kriti; Rankin, Kathryn N.; Fu, Hao; Weljie, Aalim M.; Jha, Naresh; Slupsky, Carolyn M.

doi:10.1002/nbm.1369

Cited by 158 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Most of the detected compounds identified in this study are consistent with those previously reported in the saliva of healthy individuals [23], [42]–[45]. Their possible entry routes into the salivary flow are very diverse and can include environmental exposure through the inhalation of air and/or water vapor ingestion, food intake, transdermal absorption, blood, oro-nasal tissues and gastrointestinal reflux.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

The Same Microbiota and a Potentially Discriminant Metabolome in the Saliva of Omnivore, Ovo-Lacto-Vegetarian and Vegan Individuals

et al. 2014

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The salivary microbiota has been linked to both oral and non-oral diseases. Scant knowledge is available on the effect of environmental factors such as long-term dietary choices on the salivary microbiota and metabolome. This study analyzed the microbial diversity and metabolomic profiles of the saliva of 161 healthy individuals who followed an omnivore or ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet. A large core microbiota was identified, including 12 bacterial genera, found in >98% of the individuals. The subjects could be stratified into three “salivary types” that differed on the basis of the relative abundance of the core genera Prevotella, Streptococcus/Gemella and Fusobacterium/Neisseria. Statistical analysis indicated no effect of dietary habit on the salivary microbiota. Phylogenetic beta-diversity analysis consistently showed no differences between omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian and vegan individuals. Metabolomic profiling of saliva using 1H-NMR and GC-MS/SPME identified diet-related biomarkers that enabled a significant discrimination between the 3 groups of individuals on the basis of their diet. Formate, urea, uridine and 5-methyl-3-hexanone could discriminate samples from omnivores, whereas 1-propanol, hexanoic acid and proline were characteristic of non-omnivore diets. Although the salivary metabolome can be discriminating for diet, the microbiota has a remarkable inter-individual stability and did not vary with dietary habits. Microbial homeostasis might be perturbed with sub-standard oral hygiene or other environmental factors, but there is no current indication that a choice of an omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet can lead to a specific composition of the oral microbiota with consequences on the oral homeostasis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

The Same Microbiota and a Potentially Discriminant Metabolome in the Saliva of Omnivore, Ovo-Lacto-Vegetarian and Vegan Individuals

et al. 2014

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“…In addition, previous studies also have shown a direct relationship between the composition of parotid saliva and blood (40–42). Parotid saliva has been shown to contain constituents of blood such as amino acids, pyruvate and lactate as revealed by a recent NMR study (43). We hypothesize that the high APT weighting in both the parotid gland and blood may be attributed to their similar underlying biochemical properties, but these metabolic sources should be further examined in the future.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amide proton transfer‐weighted imaging of the head and neck at 3 T: a feasibility study on healthy human subjects and patients with head and neck cancer

et al. 2014

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The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility and repeatability of amide proton transfer weighted (APTw) MRI for the head and neck on clinical MRI scanners. Six healthy volunteers and four patients with head and neck tumors underwent APTw-MRI scanning at 3T. The APTw signal was quantified by the asymmetric magnetization transfer ratio (MTRasym) at 3.5 ppm. Z-spectra of normal tissues in the head and neck (masseter muscle, parotid glands, submandibular glands and thyroid glands) were analyzed in healthy volunteers. Inter-scan repeatability of APTw-MRI was evaluated in six healthy volunteers. Z-spectra of head and neck tumor patients were produced and APTw signals in these tumors were analyzed. APTw-MRI scanning was successful for all ten subjects. The parotid glands showed the highest APTw signal (~7.6% averagely), while the APTw signals in other tissues were relatively moderate. The repeatability of APTw signals from the masseter muscle, parotid gland, submandibular gland and thyroid gland of healthy volunteers was established. Four head and neck tumors showed positive mean APTw ranging from 1.2% to 3.2%, distinguishable from surrounding normal tissues. APTw-MRI was feasible for the use in the head and neck regions at 3T. The preliminary results on patients with head and neck tumors indicated the potential of APTw-MRI for clinical applications.

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“…Not surprisingly, only approximately half of all saliva metabolites (88 compounds) were also detected in plasma. Although parotid saliva directly reflects the contents of blood (19), the overall content of metabolites in globally collected saliva also depends on other glands, most prominently the submandibular glands (20). Among the common metabolites detected, 27 were rhythmic in either plasma or saliva.…”

Section: Human Salivary Metabolome Also Shows Circadian Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

The human circadian metabolome

Dallmann

Viola

Tarokh

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

513

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The circadian clock orchestrates many aspects of human physiology, and disruption of this clock has been implicated in various pathologies, ranging from cancer to metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Although there is evidence that metabolism and the circadian clockwork are intimately linked on a transcriptional level, whether these effects are directly under clock control or are mediated by the rest-activity cycle and the timing of food intake is unclear. To answer this question, we conducted an unbiased screen in human subjects of the metabolome of blood plasma and saliva at different times of day. To minimize indirect effects, subjects were kept in a 40-h constant routine of enforced posture, constant dim light, hourly isocaloric meals, and sleep deprivation. Under these conditions, we found that ∼15% of all identified metabolites in plasma and saliva were under circadian control, most notably fatty acids in plasma and amino acids in saliva. Our data suggest that there is a strong direct effect of the endogenous circadian clock on multiple human metabolic pathways that is independent of sleep or feeding. In addition, they identify multiple potential small-molecule biomarkers of human circadian phase and sleep pressure.metabolomics | LC/GC-MS | metabolite profiling | sleep-wake regulation T he circadian clock has been shown to modulate many aspects of behavior and physiology (1). It is thought to be an important regulator of metabolism, and disruption of the clock and sleep is associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes, as well as other disorders (2-4). In the last decade, ample data on the circadian transcriptome (5, 6) and the even larger circadian proteome (7) have been compiled. These datasets are directly dependent on the genome of a particular species and cannot be compared easily between model systems. However, changes in physiology and metabolism governed by these genes and proteins ultimately affect the abundance of small metabolites that are quite conserved among species and fewer in number (50-fold fewer than transcripts and 500-fold fewer than proteins).The relationship between metabolism and the clock is not unidirectional, and the two processes are intertwined (8). For example, metabolic status feeds back to the clock, so that feeding behavior directly entrains molecular clock function (9). Likewise, obesity is correlated with poor sleep (2), and in mice 80% of circadian transcription in the brain is dependent on the rest-activity cycle (10). Given these feedback mechanisms, it is unclear what proportion of circadian metabolic control is directly clockregulated and what proportion is controlled by circadian restactivity and food intake.In plants, the metabolome approach has been used to characterize the effects of clock disruption on general metabolism (11). The circadian metabolome also has been characterized in CBA/N mice, and ∼20% of the recorded molecules were found to vary in abundance with time of day (12). Similarly, the urine and saliva metabolomes of human subjects diff...

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Understanding the human salivary metabolome

Cited by 158 publications

References 34 publications

The Same Microbiota and a Potentially Discriminant Metabolome in the Saliva of Omnivore, Ovo-Lacto-Vegetarian and Vegan Individuals

The Same Microbiota and a Potentially Discriminant Metabolome in the Saliva of Omnivore, Ovo-Lacto-Vegetarian and Vegan Individuals

Amide proton transfer‐weighted imaging of the head and neck at 3 T: a feasibility study on healthy human subjects and patients with head and neck cancer

The human circadian metabolome

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