Understanding the Immunoenvironment of Primary Liver Cancer: A Histopathology Perspective

Chung, Annabelle; Nasralla, David; Quaglia, A.

doi:10.2147/jhc.s382310

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 176 publications

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“…The fifth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classifies HCCs into eight distinct histological subtypes: steatohepatitic, fibrolamellar, scirrhous, clear cell type, macrotrabecular massive, chromophobe, neutrophil-rich and lymphocyte-rich [ 10 ]. Each type has its own unique clinicopathological results [ 11 , 12 ].…”

Section: Biological Classification and Current Status Of Liver Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

RNA m6A methylation regulators in liver cancer

Xu,

Ren,

Ren

et al. 2024

Cancer Cell Int

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Liver cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world and a primary cause of cancer-related death. In recent years, despite the great development of diagnostic methods and targeted therapies for liver cancer, the incidence and mortality of liver cancer are still on the rise. As a universal post-transcriptional modification, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification accomplishes a dynamic and reversible m6A modification process, which is executed by three types of regulators, methyltransferases (called writers), demethylases (called erasers) and m6A-binding proteins (called readers). Many studies have shown that m6A RNA methylation has an important impact on RNA metabolism, whereas its regulation exception is bound up with the occurrence of human malignant tumors. Aberrant methylation of m6A RNA and the expression of related regulatory factors may be of the essence in the pathogenesis and progression of liver cancer, yet the precise molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this paper, we review the current research situations of m6A methylation in liver cancer. Among the rest, we detail the mechanism by which methyltransferases, demethylases and m6A binding proteins regulate the occurrence and development of liver cancer by modifying mRNA. As well as the potential effect of m6A regulators in hepatocarcinogenesis and progression. New ideas and approaches will be given to the prevention and treatment of liver cancer through the following relevant research results.

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Section: Biological Classification and Current Status Of Liver Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

RNA m6A methylation regulators in liver cancer

Xu,

Ren,

Ren

et al. 2024

Cancer Cell Int

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“…Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer accounting for more than 80% of the cases and has a higher mortality rate. There is great heterogeneity in HCC which can be expanded into three different levels: interpatient heterogeneity where the differences can be seen from patient to patient, intertumoral heterogeneity from one tumor nodule to another and intratumoral heterogeneity between the different regions of the same tumor ( 181 , 182 ). This vast heterogeneity can be seen in the iTME and influences the response to the various treatments ( 183 ).…”

Section: Immune Landscape and Radiotherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

The current understanding of the immune landscape relative to radiotherapy across tumor types

et al. 2023

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Radiotherapy is part of the standard of care treatment for a great majority of cancer patients. As a result of radiation, both tumor cells and the environment around them are affected directly by radiation, which mainly primes but also might limit the immune response. Multiple immune factors play a role in cancer progression and response to radiotherapy, including the immune tumor microenvironment and systemic immunity referred to as the immune landscape. A heterogeneous tumor microenvironment and the varying patient characteristics complicate the dynamic relationship between radiotherapy and this immune landscape. In this review, we will present the current overview of the immunological landscape in relation to radiotherapy in order to provide insight and encourage research to further improve cancer treatment. An investigation into the impact of radiation therapy on the immune landscape showed in several cancers a common pattern of immunological responses after radiation. Radiation leads to an upsurge in infiltrating T lymphocytes and the expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) which can hint at a benefit for the patient when combined with immunotherapy. In spite of this, lymphopenia in the tumor microenvironment of ‘cold’ tumors or caused by radiation is considered to be an important obstacle to the patient’s survival. In several cancers, a rise in the immunosuppressive populations is seen after radiation, mainly pro-tumoral M2 macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). As a final point, we will highlight how the radiation parameters themselves can influence the immune system and, therefore, be exploited to the advantage of the patient.

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“…The tumour microenvironment of a model can be observed through histopathology [45][46][47] and immunohistochemistry [45,48,49], in which tissue is extracted, thinly sliced, and stained with different techniques highlighting important components of the tumour microenvironment, such as macrophages and lymphocytes. An important limitation of histopathology is that there is only one time point of observation.…”

Section: Different Concepts Of Model 21 Model: "An Animal or Plant To...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling the Tumour Microenvironment, but What Exactly Do We Mean by “Model”?

Reyes-Aldasoro

2023

Cancers

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The Oxford English Dictionary includes 17 definitions for the word “model” as a noun and another 11 as a verb. Therefore, context is necessary to understand the meaning of the word model. For instance, “model railways” refer to replicas of railways and trains at a smaller scale and a “model student” refers to an exemplary individual. In some cases, a specific context, like cancer research, may not be sufficient to provide one specific meaning for model. Even if the context is narrowed, specifically, to research related to the tumour microenvironment, “model” can be understood in a wide variety of ways, from an animal model to a mathematical expression. This paper presents a review of different “models” of the tumour microenvironment, as grouped by different definitions of the word into four categories: model organisms, in vitro models, mathematical models and computational models. Then, the frequencies of different meanings of the word “model” related to the tumour microenvironment are measured from numbers of entries in the MEDLINE database of the United States National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. The frequencies of the main components of the microenvironment and the organ-related cancers modelled are also assessed quantitatively with specific keywords. Whilst animal models, particularly xenografts and mouse models, are the most commonly used “models”, the number of these entries has been slowly decreasing. Mathematical models, as well as prognostic and risk models, follow in frequency, and these have been growing in use.

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Understanding the Immunoenvironment of Primary Liver Cancer: A Histopathology Perspective

Cited by 5 publications

References 176 publications

RNA m6A methylation regulators in liver cancer

RNA m6A methylation regulators in liver cancer

The current understanding of the immune landscape relative to radiotherapy across tumor types

Modelling the Tumour Microenvironment, but What Exactly Do We Mean by “Model”?

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