Understanding the impact of age, gender, height and body mass index on children's balance

Kolic, Jessica; O’Brien, Kate; Bowles, Kelly‐Ann; Iles, Ross; Williams, Cylie

doi:10.1111/apa.14933

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…However, other authors, such as Nolan [ 16 ], found that girls might be superior to boys at developing postural control, with girls progressing to an ‘adult-like’ integrated open- and closed-loop strategy of controlling balance earlier than boys. These results were supported by Riach and Starkes [ 17 ], Kirshenbaum et al [ 18 ], and Kolic et al [ 19 ]. Nolan [ 16 ] also observed that greater balance ability and postural control were associated with Body Mass Index (BMI), with older female children and children with lower BMI being more likely to exhibit greater balance ability and postural control.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 70%

A Ten-Week Motor Skills Training Program Increases Motor Competence in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder

et al. 2021

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The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a motor skills training program in children with DCD considering their gender. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC-2) classified the children and assessed their skill changes over time. The study was implemented at four kindergartens in the Khorezm region of Uzbekistan. In the study, all the children suffered from DCD (5.17 ± 0.70 years; 10 girls), and all the indicators of MABC-2 were less than 16%. The participants were divided into an experimental group (n = 17), receiving ten weeks of motor skills training program for 45 min twice per week; and a control group (n = 7), which proceeded with exercises of everyday living. The ANCOVA showed differences between the groups in the post-test concerning each domain: manual dexterity (F (1, 20) = 18.703, p < 0.001; η2 = 0.471); aiming and catching (F (1, 20) = 9.734, p = 0.005; η2 = 0.317); balance (F (1, 20) = 35.140, p = 0.000; η2 = 0.626); and total MABC-2 test score (F (1, 20) = 66.093, p < 0.001; η2 = 0.759), with all the children in the EG exhibiting better results. The Wilcoxon test revealed statistically significant differences for the EG between moments for all the variables (p < 0.001) but not for the CG (p > 0.050). The effectiveness of the intervention program was similar across both genders. The study suggests that a 10 week motor skills training program can increase the quality of children’s motor competence and represent a valuable procedure for physical education specialists to enhance motor competence for children with DCD.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 70%

A Ten-Week Motor Skills Training Program Increases Motor Competence in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder

et al. 2021

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“…The most intriguing result of this study, then, was the finding of a strong relationship between high BMI and body balance. It turned out that overweight and obese children have better stability parameters than children with normal body weight, which is confirmed by many studies [ 51 , 52 ] but there are also studies that do not agree with our results [ 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 ].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 47%

Is There a Link between Balance and Body Mass Composition in Children and Adolescents?

Rusek¹,

Adamczyk²,

Baran

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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School-age children are particularly prone to disturbances in body composition, because this is a period of intensive growth and a period in which correct habits are shaped, especially in relation to diet. This is why it is so important to diagnose emerging disorders early so as to implement therapeutic or educational activities. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the factors of body mass composition and body mass index (BMI), as well as the balance parameters in children and adolescents. The study group consisted of 1137 children aged 7 to 15. There were 559 girls and 578 boys among the subjects. The study used the Tanita 780 body mass composition analyser and the Zebris stabilometric platform. It was found that girls were characterized by a significantly higher content of adipose tissue (24.37% vs. 20.45%), while boys were characterized by a higher content of lean tissue (32.99% vs. 30.43%), muscle tissue (31.23% vs. 28.86%) and water (24.15% vs. 22.28%). Interestingly, the girls had better balance than their peers in all analyzed parameters (COF TTL.—616.72 vs. 661.50; CEArea—73.63 vs. 112.24; COF HD—3.44 vs. 4.23; COF VD—4.52 vs. 5.12). It turned out that among children in adolescence, a higher adipose tissue content and a higher BMI correlated with a smaller surface area (p < 0.05) defined by the center of gravity and smaller deviations of the center of gravity in the horizontal plane (p < 0.05). Sex and adolescence play an important role in differentiating both body composition and body balance. The results of this study allow us to conclude that children with higher BMI values have better balance. Due to the fact that these conclusions are inconsistent with those of other researchers, it will be worth continuing the research (e.g., on a different population group) in order to confirm the results and to draw far-reaching conclusions.

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“…In addition, we should note that %SMM r and BMI combined, predicted 14% of the variance observed for OLST. The negative relation between BMI and OLST observation corresponds with a previous association of higher BMI with lower postural control and balance ability [ 36 ]. Thus, BMI may act as confounding factor affecting the physiological parameters of the balance and control in addition to reducing %SMM r (as increment in BMI increases the body mass in denominator while calculating %SMM r ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Static one-leg standing balance test as a screening tool for low muscle mass in healthy elderly women

Khanal

Stebbings

et al. 2021

Aging Clin Exp Res

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Background Identification of simple screening tools for detecting lower skeletal muscle mass may be beneficial for planning effective interventions in the elderly. Aims We aimed to (1) establish a threshold for one-leg standing balance test (OLST) time for low muscle mass, and (2) test the ability of that threshold to assess muscular impairments in a poor balance group. Methods Eyes-open OLST (maximum duration 30 s) was performed with right and left legs in 291 women (age 71 ± 6 years). OLST time was calculated as the sum of the OLST time of right and left legs. Fat-free mass (FFM), skeletal muscle mass (SMM), fat mass, biceps brachii and vastus lateralis sizes; handgrip strength (HGS), elbow flexion maximum torque (MVCEF) and knee extension maximum torque (MVCKE) were measured. Muscle quality was calculated as MVCKE/FFM and physical activity was assessed by questionnaire. Low muscle mass was defined as SMMrelative of 22.1%, a previously established threshold for pre-sarcopenia. Results The OLST threshold time to detect low muscle mass was 55 s (sensitivity: 0.63; specificity: 0.60). The poor balance group (OLST < 55 s) had higher fat mass (3.0%, p < 0.001), larger VL thickness (5.1%, p = 0.016), and lower HGS (− 10.2%, p < 0.001), MVCEF (− 8.2%, p = 0.003), MVCKE (− 9.5%, p = 0.012), MVCKE/FFM (− 11.0%, p = 0.004) and physical activity (− 8.0%, p = 0.024) compared to the normal balance group. While after adjusting age, the differences exist for HGS, fat mass and VL thickness only. Discussion An OLST threshold of 55 s calculated as the summed score from both legs discriminated pre-sarcopenic characteristics among active, community-dwelling older women with limited potential (sensitivity 0.63, specificity 0.60). Conclusion OLST, which can be performed easily in community settings without the need for more complex muscle mass measurement, may help identify women at risk of developing sarcopenia.

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Understanding the impact of age, gender, height and body mass index on children's balance

Cited by 23 publications

References 25 publications

A Ten-Week Motor Skills Training Program Increases Motor Competence in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder

A Ten-Week Motor Skills Training Program Increases Motor Competence in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder

Is There a Link between Balance and Body Mass Composition in Children and Adolescents?

Static one-leg standing balance test as a screening tool for low muscle mass in healthy elderly women

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