Understanding the Influence of Urban Form on the Spatial Pattern of Precipitation

Abstract

Urban areas are known to modify the spatial pattern of precipitation climatology. Existing observational evidence suggests that precipitation can be enhanced downwind of a city. Among the proposed mechanisms, the thermodynamic and aerodynamic processes in the urban lower atmosphere interact with the meteorological conditions and can play a key role in determining the resulting precipitation patterns. In addition, these processes are influenced by urban form, such as the impervious surface extent. This study aims to unravel how different urban forms impact the spatial patterns of precipitation climatology under different meteorological conditions. We use the Multi‐Radar Multi‐Sensor quantitative precipitation estimation data products and analyze the hourly precipitation maps for 27 selected cities across the continental United States from the years 2015–2021 summer months. Results show that about 80% of the studied cities exhibit a statistically significant downwind enhancement of precipitation. Additionally, we find that the precipitation pattern tends to be more spatially clustered in intensity under higher wind speed; the location of radial precipitation maxima is located closer to the city center under low background winds but shifts downwind under high wind conditions. The magnitude of downwind precipitation enhancement is highly dependent on wind directions and is positively correlated with the city size for the south, southwest, and west directions. This study presents observational evidence through a cross‐city analysis that the urban precipitation pattern can be influenced by the urban modification of atmospheric processes, providing insight into the mechanistic link between future urban land‐use change and hydroclimates.

How Does Heavy Precipitation of Varying Durations Respond to Urbanization in China?

“…A similar performance has also been observed recently in the United States. Lu et al (2024) revealed that city size is positively correlated with the downwind precipitation enhancement under dominant wind direction. In summary, anthropogenic-related driving factors significantly influence the intensified shorter-duration heavy precipitation in urban regions, especially in humid regions and larger UACs.…”

“…Yao & Huang, 2023;Zhu et al, 2019). Particularly, this phenomenon is pronounced in downwind areas of cities (Hand & Shepherd, 2009;Lorenz et al, 2019;Lu et al, 2024). Conversely, some studies argued that urbanization may inhibit the development of convection and in turn reduce precipitation (J.…”