Recent impactful hydrometeorological events, on both the extreme wet and dry side of the spectrum, remind policymakers and citizens that climate change is a reality and that a shift in water management solutions is required. A selection of policy-shaping events in the Netherlands shows that both floods and droughts have occurred historically and continue to occur, causing significant impacts and challenges for water resources management. For decades, water management in the Netherlands has focused on implementing flood prevention policies, mostly prompted by specific events. The occurrence of droughts did not lead to comparable significant transitions in water management. The bias toward adaptation measures on the wet part of the spectrum (i.e., floods), increases vulnerability to dry extremes (i.e., droughts) as experienced in 2018-2020 and 2022. A required long-term, integral vision to rethink the existing water management system is challenging as droughts and floods act on different time scales. Furthermore, there is a fierce competition for land use and water use functions. 'Transformation pathways', applied across the full flood-drought spectrum, could provide a valuable framework in the development toward a sustainable management of water resources, involving stakeholders for just and equitable transitions and translating long-term visions into pathways for action.
Impact statementHydrometeorological extreme events, that is, floods and droughts, have major impacts on ecosystems and sectoral water uses such as shipping, agriculture, industry, energy, and drinking water. From looking back on a selection of historical events in the Netherlands, we learn that significant changes in policy and measures have been implemented in response to extreme hydrological events, especially with regards to floods. However, from recent extreme drought (2018)(2019)(2020) 2022) and flood conditions (2021) and future climate projections, it has become clear that optimization of the current water management system will not suffice. A transformation is needed to deal with future hydrological extremes, requiring modifications in water system, water management, water use, and governance. We need to design, manage, and use the water system in a way that resilience to both floods and droughts is increased. This requires methods and tools to stress-test the system for both extremes, and knowledge of measures that reduce both risks. In regional adaptation strategies, the full flood-drought spectrum should be managed in a balanced way. A transformation of the current water system and water management will not always and at all locations be beneficial for all sectors. Stakeholder interactions are needed for just and equitable transitions and for translating long-term visions into concrete pathways for action.