Understanding the Interplay between Air Pollution, Biological Variables, and Major Depressive Disorder: Rationale and Study Protocol of the DeprAir Study

Borroni, Elisa; Pesatori, Angela Cecilia; Nosari, Guido; Monti, Paola; Ceresa, Alessandro; Fedrizzi, Luca; Bollati, Valentina; Buoli, Massimiliano; Carugno, Michele

doi:10.3390/ijerph20065196

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 49 publications

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“…Of note, clock genes regulate circadian rhythms, including those regarding basic life functions such as sleep or appetite [22]. In particular, transcriptional/translational feedback mechanisms involving CLOCK-BMAL, a protein dimer complex, have been identified as the main regulators of circadian rhythms [23,24]. Recent studies have highlighted that epigenetic modifications in clock and other genes (different degrees of methylation) can contribute to the development of depression and anxiety disorders during the perinatal period [25], as a result of hypomethylation of clock genes CRY1 and CRY2 [9] and modulation of HERV-W, the latter implicated in maternal immune tolerance during pregnancy [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air Pollution and Perinatal Mental Health: A Comprehensive Overview

Surace

Quitadamo

Caldiroli

et al. 2023

JCM

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Background: The aim of the present study was to summarise the available data about the link between air pollution exposure and the new-onset and severity of psychiatric disorders in pregnant women during the perinatal period. Materials and methods: We selected articles published until June 2022 on PubMed and the Web of Science. Pollutants included were PM2.5 (particulate matter 2.5 micrometres and smaller), PM10 (particulate matter 10 micrometres and smaller), NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), O3 (ozone), SO2 (sulphur dioxide), CO (carbon monoxide), PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers), PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), lead, and cadmium. The perinatal period was considered as the time of pregnancy until one year after childbirth. Results: Nine studies were included; most of them evaluated the association between exposure to air pollutants and the onset of Postpartum Depression (PPD). Two studies showed an association between, respectively, only PM2.5 and both PM2.5 and NO2 exposure and PPD onset 12 months after childbirth, while another study found a significant association between NO2 exposure and PPD occurrence 6 months after childbirth. PBDE blood levels were associated with more severe depressive symptoms. Lastly, one study observed a link between stressful symptoms and exposure to PM2.5, PM10 during pregnancy. Conclusion: More comprehensive and uniform studies are required to make a roadmap for future interventions, given the growing relevance of issues such pollution and mental health, particularly during the perinatal period.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air Pollution and Perinatal Mental Health: A Comprehensive Overview

Surace

Quitadamo

Caldiroli

et al. 2023

JCM

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Impact of air pollution exposure on the severity of major depressive disorder: Results from the DeprAir study

Borroni,

Buoli,

Nosari

et al. 2024

Eur. Psychiatr.

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Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent medical conditions worldwide. Different factors were found to play a role in its etiology, including environmental ones (e.g., air pollution). The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between air pollution exposure and MDD severity. Methods Four hundred sixteen MDD subjects were recruited. Severity of MDD and functioning were evaluated through five rating scales: Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), Clinical Global Impression (CGI), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), and Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). Daily mean estimates of particulate matter with diameter ≤10 (PM10) and 2.5 μm (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and apparent temperature (AT) were estimated based on subjects’ residential addresses. Daily estimates of the 2 weeks preceding recruitment were averaged to obtain cumulative exposure. Multivariate linear and ordinal regression models were applied to assess the associations between air pollutants and MDD severity, overall and stratifying by hypersusceptibility and AT. Results Two-thirds of subjects were women and one-third had a family history of depression. Most women had depression with symptoms of anxiety, while men had predominantly melancholic depression. NO2 exposure was associated with worsening of MDD severity (HAMD: β = 1.94, 95% confidence interval [CI], [0.41–3.47]; GAF: β = −1.93, 95% CI [−3.89 to 0.02]), especially when temperatures were low or among hypersusceptible subjects. PM exposure showed an association with MDD severity only in these subgroups. Conclusions Exposure to air pollution worsens MDD severity, with hypersusceptibility and lower temperatures being exacerbating factors.

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Air Pollution’s Hidden Toll: Links Between Ozone, Particulate Matter, and Adolescent Depression

Waxman,

Manczak

2024

IJERPH

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Rising rates of depression among youth present a growing mental health crisis. Despite growing concerns regarding the risks of air pollution exposure on youth mental and physical health, associations between ambient air pollutants and depression have been largely overlooked in youth. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated associations between ozone, particulate matter, and depressive symptoms in adolescents across 224 Colorado census tracts (average age of 14.45 years, 48.8% female, 48.9% of minority race/ethnicity). Students in participating schools reported depressive symptoms and demographic information, and school addresses were used to compute ozone and particulate matter levels per census tract. Possible confounding variables, including sociodemographic and geographic characteristics, were also addressed. Exploratory analyses examined demographic moderators of these associations. Census tracts with higher ozone concentrations had a higher percentage of adolescents experiencing depressive symptoms. Particulate matter did not emerge as a significant predictor of adolescent depressive symptoms. Secondary analyses demonstrated that associations with ozone were moderated by racial/ethnic and gender compositions of census tracts, with stronger effects in census tracts with higher percentages of individuals with marginalized racial/ethnic and gender identities. Ultimately, this project strengthens our understanding of the interplay between air pollution exposures and mental health during adolescence.

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Understanding the Interplay between Air Pollution, Biological Variables, and Major Depressive Disorder: Rationale and Study Protocol of the DeprAir Study

Cited by 3 publications

References 49 publications

Air Pollution and Perinatal Mental Health: A Comprehensive Overview

Air Pollution and Perinatal Mental Health: A Comprehensive Overview

Impact of air pollution exposure on the severity of major depressive disorder: Results from the DeprAir study

Air Pollution’s Hidden Toll: Links Between Ozone, Particulate Matter, and Adolescent Depression

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