Understanding the Mechanisms Underlying Host Restriction of Insect-Specific Viruses

Elrefaey, Ahmed M.E.; Abdelnabi, Rana; Rosas, Ana Lucia Rosales; Wang, Lanjiao; Basu, Subhash

doi:10.3390/v12090964

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 164 publications

(216 reference statements)

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“…Particularly for mosquito RNA viruses related to arboviruses (e.g. Flaviviridae, Togaviridae and Bunyavirales ), host range studies have focused solely on their inability to infect vertebrates ( Nasar et al., 2012 ; Junglen et al., 2017 ; Elrefaey et al., 2020 ). Even this inability to infect vertebrate cells has only been determined for a handful of mosquito viruses, while the majority of them have been categorized as such, only based on their phylogenetic proximity to other mosquito viruses.…”

Section: Interactions Between Mosquito Viruses and Their Hostsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symbiotic Interactions Between Mosquitoes and Mosquito Viruses

Altinli

Schnettler

Sicard

2021

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Mosquitoes not only transmit human and veterinary pathogens called arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) but also harbor mosquito-associated insect-specific viruses (mosquito viruses) that cannot infect vertebrates. In the past, studies investigating mosquito viruses mainly focused on highly pathogenic interactions that were easier to detect than those without visible symptoms. However, the recent advances in viral metagenomics have highlighted the abundance and diversity of viruses which do not generate mass mortality in host populations. Over the last decade, this has facilitated the rapid growth of virus discovery in mosquitoes. The circumstances around the discovery of mosquito viruses greatly affected how they have been studied so far. While earlier research mainly focused on the pathogenesis caused by DNA and some double-stranded RNA viruses during larval stages, more recently discovered single-stranded RNA mosquito viruses were heavily studied for their putative interference with arboviruses in female adults. Thus, many aspects of mosquito virus interactions with their hosts and host-microbiota are still unknown. In this context, considering mosquito viruses as endosymbionts can help to identify novel research areas, in particular in relation to their long-term interactions with their hosts (e.g. relationships during all life stages, the stability of the associations at evolutionary scales, transmission routes and virulence evolution) and the possible context-dependent range of interactions (i.e. beneficial to antagonistic). Here, we review the symbiotic interactions of mosquito viruses considering different aspects of their ecology, such as transmission, host specificity, host immune system and interactions with other symbionts within the host cellular arena. Finally, we highlight related research gaps in mosquito virus research.

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Section: Interactions Between Mosquito Viruses and Their Hostsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symbiotic Interactions Between Mosquitoes and Mosquito Viruses

Altinli

Schnettler

Sicard

2021

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…Mammals are often considered to be an "accidental host" in arboviral infections, suggesting that nsp-induced cell death may be also "accidental" and in some way deleterious for alphaviruses. Some alphaviruses have indeed evolved to be restricted to mosquitos and do not rely on transmission to mammals any longer [197][198][199].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection of Mammals and Mosquitoes by Alphaviruses: Involvement of Cell Death

Cappuccio

Maisse

2020

Cells

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Alphaviruses, such as the chikungunya virus, are emerging and re-emerging viruses that pose a global public health threat. They are transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods, mainly mosquitoes, to humans and animals. Although alphaviruses cause debilitating diseases in mammalian hosts, it appears that they have no pathological effect on the mosquito vector. Alphavirus/host interactions are increasingly studied at cellular and molecular levels. While it seems clear that apoptosis plays a key role in some human pathologies, the role of cell death in determining the outcome of infections in mosquitoes remains to be fully understood. Here, we review the current knowledge on alphavirus-induced regulated cell death in hosts and vectors and the possible role they play in determining tolerance or resistance of mosquitoes.

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“…Although there is currently no clear understanding of the precise mechanisms of integration, endogenous viral elements of non-retroviruses (nrEVEs) are found in a wide range of taxa. nrEVEs are quite abundant in mosquitoes where they are often studied and likely involved in antiviral immunity by producing Piwi-interacting RNAs ([piRNAs] small non-coding RNA fragments which are involved in a wide range of functions, including the regulation of gene expression and fighting viral infections) [ 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ]. This has recently been shown in Aedes aegypti , where nrEVE with very high sequence similarity to cell-fusing agent virus (CFAV) were found in the mosquito genome [ 42 ].…”

Section: Bee Pollinators As Study System For Multi-host Viral Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical View on the Importance of Host Defense Strategies on Virus Distribution of Bee Viruses: What Can We Learn from SARS-CoV-2 Variants?

Piot

Smagghe

2022

Viruses

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Bees, both wild and domesticated ones, are hosts to a plethora of viruses, with most of them infecting a wide range of bee species and genera. Although viral discovery and research on bee viruses date back over 50 years, the last decade is marked by a surge of new studies, new virus discoveries, and reports on viral transmission in and between bee species. This steep increase in research on bee viruses was mainly initiated by the global reports on honeybee colony losses and the worldwide wild bee decline, where viruses are regarded as one of the main drivers. While the knowledge gained on bee viruses has significantly progressed in a short amount of time, we believe that integration of host defense strategies and their effect on viral dynamics in the multi-host viral landscape are important aspects that are currently still missing. With the large epidemiological dataset generated over the last two years on the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the role of these defense mechanisms in shaping viral dynamics has become eminent. Integration of these dynamics in a multi-host system would not only greatly aid the understanding of viral dynamics as a driver of wild bee decline, but we believe bee pollinators and their viruses provide an ideal system to study the multi-host viruses and their epidemiology.

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Understanding the Mechanisms Underlying Host Restriction of Insect-Specific Viruses

Cited by 17 publications

References 164 publications

Symbiotic Interactions Between Mosquitoes and Mosquito Viruses

Symbiotic Interactions Between Mosquitoes and Mosquito Viruses

Infection of Mammals and Mosquitoes by Alphaviruses: Involvement of Cell Death

Critical View on the Importance of Host Defense Strategies on Virus Distribution of Bee Viruses: What Can We Learn from SARS-CoV-2 Variants?

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