Understanding the Mode of Action of the Chloroacetamide and Thiocarbamate Herbicides

Fuerst, E. Patrick

doi:10.1017/s0890037x00029729

Cited by 132 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Cultivars such as DKC 77-61B, SC 701 and DKC 73-76R showed good symptom development, even at low application rates, and also exhibited poor germination at higher application rates. The latter concurs with the symptomology noted for monocotyledonous species that are susceptible to the acetamide herbicides (Hickey & Krueger, 1974a;b;Ashton & Crafts, 1981;Fuerst, 1987;WSSA, 2002).…”

Section: Symptomssupporting

confidence: 75%

Screening of some South African maize (Zea maysL.) cultivars for acetochlor tolerance

Allemann

Mphundi

2010

South African Journal of Plant and Soil

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Acetochlor containing a safener is registered for pre-emergence use on maize to control mainly annual grasses. It is applied at rates of between 0.49 and 1.89 kg ai ha -1 on soils with a clay content from <10% to 55%. Some cases of acetochlor injury to maize have occurred in the field despite the correct application rates being used. A randomised complete block design trial was conducted in a glasshouse set at 28/18°C day/night to screen 21 maize cultivars for their tolerance to acetochlor (WENNER 700 S EC ® ). Maize was planted in pots containing a sandy loam soil (15% clay). Five acetochlor rates (0, 0.74, 1.47, 2.94 and 5.88 kg ai ha -1 ) were applied the next day and leached into the soil. Characteristic symptoms of acetochlor phytotoxicity occurred, particularly at higher application rates. Most cultivars showed significant decreases in both plant height and dry mass at the recommended application rate. Significant differences were noted between cultivars, with slight variations in results for seedling height and dry mass. Cultivars were grouped into tolerant, intermediate and sensitive classes based on their reaction to the herbicide. Most cultivars were rated as intermediate, although both tolerant and sensitive cultivars were found, so proving the existence of cultivar differences with respect to acetochlor tolerance.

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Section: Symptomssupporting

confidence: 75%

Screening of some South African maize (Zea maysL.) cultivars for acetochlor tolerance

Allemann

Mphundi

2010

South African Journal of Plant and Soil

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“…Thus, some extracellular movement of metolachlor might occur no matter how rapidly intracellular detoxification occurs. Metolachlor reaching the meristematic regions would be expected to lead to inhibition of growth (Fuerst, 1987).…”

Section: Effect Of Benoxacor Concentration In Growth Medium On Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Partial Characterization of Glutathione S-Transferase Isozymes Induced by the Herbicide Safener Benoxacor in Maize

1993

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The effects of the dichloroacetamide safener benoxacor on maize (Zea mays 1. var Pioneer 3906) growth and glutathione Stransferase (CST) activity were evaluated, and CST isozymes induced by benoxacor were partially separated, characterized, and identified. Protedion from metolachlor injury was closely correlated with CST activity, which was assayed with metolachlor as a substrate, as benoxacor concentration increased from 0.01 to 1 p~. CST adivity continued to increase at higher benoxacor concentrations (10 and 100 PM), but no further protection was observed.Total CST activity with metolachlor as a substrate increased 2.6-to 3.8-fold in response to 1 p~ benoxacor treatment. Total CST activity from maize treated with or without 1 p~ benoxacor was resolved by fast protein liquid chromatography anion-exchange chromatography into four major activities, designated adivity peaks A, B, C, and D in their order of elution. These CST activity peaks were enhanced to varying degrees by benoxacor. Activity peak B showed the least induction, whereas activity peak A was absent constitutively and thus highly induced by benoxacor. In contrast to earlier reports, there appear to be not one, but at least two, major constitutive isozymes (adivity peaks A and D) having activity with metolachlor as substrate; there were at least three such isozymes in benoxacor-treated maize (activity peaks A, C, and D). l h e elution volumes of activity peaks A, B, C, and D were compared with those of partially purified maize CST I and CST 11; also, the reactivity of polypeptides in these activity peaks with antisera to CST I or CST 1/111 (mixture) was evaluated. Evidence from these experiments indicated that adivity peak B contained CST I, and adivity peak C contained CST II and CST 111. Adivity peaks A and D contained unique CSTs that may play a major role in metolachlor metabolism and in the safening activity of benoxacor in maize. lsozymes present in adivity peaks A and D were not detected in earlier reports because of the very low activity with the artificial substrate l-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Immunoblotting experiments also indicated the presence of numerous unidentified CST subunits, including multiple subunits in chromatography fractions containing single peaks of CST adivity; this is indicative of the likely complexity and diversity of the maize CST enzyme family.GST enzymes catalyze the conjugation of GSH to electrophilic, lipophilic molecules. The GSH conjugates formed are

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“…However, thiobencarb sulfoxide, the active form of thiobencarb, decomposes easily under many environmental conditions. [8][9][10][11] We therefore proposed the development of a novel pre-emergence herbicide with high and stable herbicidal activity.…”

Section: Discovery Of Pyroxasulfonementioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the novel pre-emergence herbicide pyroxasulfone

Nakatani¹,

Yamaji

Honda

et al. 2016

J. Pestic. Sci.

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Pyroxasulfone, which was discovered and developed by K-I Chemical Research Institute Co., Ltd.; Kumiai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.; and Ihara Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., is a novel pre-emergence herbicide for wheat, corn, and soybean. Pyroxasulfone inhibits the biosynthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids in plants and has shown excellent herbicidal activity against grass and broadleaf weeds at lower application rates compared with other commercial herbicides. This pesticide has been registered in Japan, Australia, the USA, Canada, Saudi Arabia, and South Africa, and we sell pyroxasulfone products through domestic partner companies in each of these countries. With its high efficacy and relatively low application rates, we believe that pyroxasulfone will contribute to efficient global food production in the future.

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Understanding the Mode of Action of the Chloroacetamide and Thiocarbamate Herbicides

Cited by 132 publications

References 70 publications

Screening of some South African maize (Zea maysL.) cultivars for acetochlor tolerance

Screening of some South African maize (Zea maysL.) cultivars for acetochlor tolerance

Partial Characterization of Glutathione S-Transferase Isozymes Induced by the Herbicide Safener Benoxacor in Maize

Development of the novel pre-emergence herbicide pyroxasulfone

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