Understanding the Neurotrophic Virus Mechanisms and Their Potential Effect on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Development

Uribe, Felipe R.; González, Valentina P. I.; Kalergis, Alexis M.; Soto, Jorge A.; Bohmwald, Karen

doi:10.3390/brainsci14010059

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 283 publications

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“…HCV is an enveloped viral pathogen, with a positive-sense ssRNA, from the Hepacivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family. The virus has seven genotypes [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] regarding phylogenetic and sequence analyses of its genome. [73][74][75] It primarily targets the liver and can cause acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).…”

Section: Hcv-associated Neurological Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood‐borne viruses and neurological manifestations: An overview

Xu,

2024

Reviews in Medical Virology

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Infections caused by blood‐borne viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T‐lymphotropic virus (HTLV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV), are systemic diseases that can lead to a wide range of pathological manifestations. Besides causing severe immune and hepatic disorders, these viral pathogens can also induce neurological dysfunctions via both direct and indirect mechanisms. Neurological dysfunctions are one of the most common manifestations caused by these viruses that can also serve as indicators of their infection, impacting the clinical presentation of the disease. The main neurological manifestations of these blood‐borne viral pathogens consist of several central and peripheral nervous system (CNS and PNS, respectively) dysfunctions. The most common neurological manifestations of HIV, HTLV, HCV, and HBV include HIV‐associated peripheral neuropathy (PN), HTLV‐1‐associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), and HCV‐/HBV‐associated PN, respectively. Nonetheless, patients infected with these viruses may experience other neurological disorders, either associated with these conditions or manifesting in isolation, which can often go unnoticed or undiagnosed by physicians. The present review aims to provide an overview of the latest evidence on the relationship between blood‐borne viruses and neurological disorders to highlight neurological conditions that may be somewhat overlooked by mainstream literature and physicians.

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Section: Hcv-associated Neurological Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood‐borne viruses and neurological manifestations: An overview

Xu,

2024

Reviews in Medical Virology

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Pathophysiological, immunological, and inflammatory features of long COVID

Bohmwald,

Diethelm-Varela,

Rodríguez-Guilarte

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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The COVID-19 pandemic continues to cause severe global disruption, resulting in significant excess mortality, overwhelming healthcare systems, and imposing substantial social and economic burdens on nations. While most of the attention and therapeutic efforts have concentrated on the acute phase of the disease, a notable proportion of survivors experience persistent symptoms post-infection clearance. This diverse set of symptoms, loosely categorized as long COVID, presents a potential additional public health crisis. It is estimated that 1 in 5 COVID-19 survivors exhibit clinical manifestations consistent with long COVID. Despite this prevalence, the mechanisms and pathophysiology of long COVID remain poorly understood. Alarmingly, evidence suggests that a significant proportion of cases within this clinical condition develop debilitating or disabling symptoms. Hence, urgent priority should be given to further studies on this condition to equip global public health systems for its management. This review provides an overview of available information on this emerging clinical condition, focusing on the affected individuals’ epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and immunological and inflammatory profiles.

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Fatal Fulminant Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) Encephalitis in Immunocompetent 5.5-Year-Old Girl—A Case Report with the Review of Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas

Mierzewska-Schmidt,

Piwowarczyk,

Szymanska

et al. 2024

Biomedicines

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Introduction: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) usually causes mild, self-limiting, or asymptomatic infection in children, typically infectious mononucleosis. The severe course is more common in immunocompromised patients. Neurological complications of primary infection, reactivation of the latent infection, or immune-mediated are well-documented. However, few published cases of fatal EBV encephalitis exist. Case presentation We report a case of a 5.5-year-old immunocompetent girl with fulminant EBV encephalitis fulfilling the criteria for the recently proposed subtype Acute Fulminant Cerebral Edema: (AFCE). The child presented with fever, vomiting, altered mental status, and ataxia. Her initial brain CT (computed tomography) scan was normal. On day 2 she developed refractory status epilepticus requiring intubation, ventilation, and sedation for airway protection and seizure control. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan showed cytotoxic brain edema. Despite intensive treatment, including acyclovir, ceftriaxone, hyperosmotic therapy (3% NaCl), intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG), corticosteroids, as well as supportive management, on day 5 she developed signs of impending herniation. Intensification of therapy (hyperventilation, deepening sedation, mannitol) was ineffective, and a CT scan demonstrated generalized brain edema with tonsillar herniation. EBV primary infection was confirmed by serology and qPCR in blood samples and post-mortem brain tissue. An autopsy was consistent with the early phase of viral encephalitis. Conclusions This case confirms that normal or non-specific CT and MRI scans do not exclude encephalitis diagnosis if clinical presentation fulfills the diagnostic criteria. The implementation of prophylactic anticonvulsants could improve outcomes. Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring should be considered in AFCE for better ICP management. Decompressive craniectomy might be a life-saving option in refractory cases. An encephalitis management algorithm is proposed.

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Understanding the Neurotrophic Virus Mechanisms and Their Potential Effect on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Development

Cited by 3 publications

References 283 publications

Blood‐borne viruses and neurological manifestations: An overview

Blood‐borne viruses and neurological manifestations: An overview

Pathophysiological, immunological, and inflammatory features of long COVID

Fatal Fulminant Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) Encephalitis in Immunocompetent 5.5-Year-Old Girl—A Case Report with the Review of Diagnostic and Management Dilemmas

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