Understanding the Role of Substance Expectancies in Addiction

Metrik, Jane; Rohsenow, Damaris J.

doi:10.1002/9781118384404.ch17

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…Consistent with previous research examining the relationship between negatively-valenced expectancies and behavior, results suggest a compensatory behavioral response for individuals who expect marijuana will impair thoughts and behaviors (Metrik and Rohsenow, 2013). These results build on previous findings on compensatory behavior observed in Metrik et al, 2012, in which THC stimulus expectancy reduced risky decision-making.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Research and theory suggests that when stimulus expectancies are activated, outcome expectancies (the expected behavioral and affective response to the drug) are in turn initiated (Kirsch and Sapirstein, 1999; Metrik and Rohsenow, 2013). Outcome expectancies are strong determinants of marijuana use in youth and adults (Aarons, et al, 2001; Gaher and Simons, 2007; Neighbors, et al, 2008; Simons, et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In alcohol (Testa et al, 2006; Vogel-Sprott and Fillmore, 1999) and nicotine studies (Juliano and Brandon, 2002), negative outcome expectancies moderated pharmacological effects on behavioral tasks and negative affect. Overall, evidence suggests positive outcome expectancies amplify or increase the likelihood of behavior, whereas negative outcome expectancies result in reduction in behavior or compensation for the negative effects (Metrik and Rohsenow, 2013). No studies thus far have examined the effect of marijuana CBI expectancies on behavioral impulsivity and risk-taking behavior under acute administration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Expectancy of impairment attenuates marijuana-induced risk taking

Gunn

Skalski

Metrik³

2017

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background Marijuana use has been associated with increased risk-taking and impulsive behavior. While pharmacologic effects of marijuana can lead to inhibitory impairment, expectancy of potential impairment may result in compensatory behavioral response by decreasing impulsive decisions and risky behaviors. With the increases in marijuana use and related problems, a better understanding of the individual characteristics associated with marijuana intoxication and risky behavior is needed. This study examined the role of impairment expectancies in marijuana's acute effects on behavioral measures of impulsivity and risk-taking. Methods Participants (N=136) were regular marijuana users. A balanced placebo design (BPD) was used crossing marijuana administration (i.e., 0% Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) vs. 2.8% THC) with stimulus expectancy (i.e., Told Placebo vs. Told THC). Marijuana outcome expectancies were measured by self-report and dependent measures including a number of behavioral impulsivity tasks and the balloon analogue risk task (BART). Results Among participants who received THC, higher expectancies for cognitive-behavioral impairment (CBI) were related to lower risk-taking on the BART. Among those who received placebo, there was no association between CBI expectancies and BART performance. CBI expectancies did not moderate drug effect on the BART and drug or stimulus expectancy effects on impulsivity measures. Conclusions Results provide initial evidence that expectancies of greater impairment are associated with compensatory behavior on a risk-taking task under acute marijuana intoxication. Future studies should examine the role of impairment expectancies on risk behaviors of substantial public health concern such as driving while under the influence of marijuana.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Expectancy of impairment attenuates marijuana-induced risk taking

Gunn

Skalski

Metrik³

2017

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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“…Expectancies about the effects of substance use play a major role in the initiation, maintenance, and escalation of substance use (Brown et al, 1987; Cooper, 1994) and are implicated in relapse and abstinence (Marlatt and Donovan, 2005; Metrik and Rohsenow, 2013; Trudeau et al, 2003). For example, expecting positive outcome effects from marijuana use has been associated with marijuana relapse during a self-initiated cessation attempt (Boden et al, 2013) and greater frequency of marijuana use (Galen and Henderson, 1999; Hayaki et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and initial validation of a marijuana cessation expectancies questionnaire

Metrik

Farris

Aston

et al. 2017

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background The present research examines anticipated consequences of ceasing or reducing marijuana use with initial development and psychometric validation of a measure of marijuana cessation expectancies. Methods The 46-item Marijuana Cessation Expectancies Questionnaire (MCEQ) was initially developed from the content validity analysis of free responses about expected outcomes of stopping and decreasing marijuana use generated by 94 participants. The closed-ended MCEQ was subsequently administered to 151 non-treatment seeking regular marijuana users (used on M = 64.7% of the prior 60 days, SD = 25.1%; Mage = 21.4, SD = 3.96; 38.4% female). Results Exploratory factor analyses identified six MCEQ factors that accounted for 61% of variance, which were related to expected improvement in: 1) performance/motivation, 2) problems with authority, and 3) interpersonal functioning, and expected worsening of 4) mood states and 5) fun experiences, and 6) changes in appetite/weight from cessation/reduction of marijuana use. Internal consistency of full scale items was good (α = .86) and moderate to high for all factors (α’s =.60 – .89). The MCEQ items showed good concurrent validity with key measures and incremental associations with change indices (prior history of cessation/reduction attempt, benefits of reduction, importance of change), beyond the effects of marijuana use expectancies. Conclusions These data provide initial support for the MCEQ and suggest it is closely linked to reduction/cessation decisions in marijuana users. MCEQ may be used clinically to enhance existing behavioral treatments and motivational interventions for problem marijuana use.

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“…Indeed, prior work illustrates that AS is associated with expectancies that smoking reduces negative affect (Brown et al, 2001; Gregor et al, 2007; Leyro et al, 2008) and expectancies that smoking abstinence increases aversive symptoms (Abrams et al, 2011). Given that substance use expectancies are thought to be proximal to motivation to use drugs (Leventhal and Schmitz, 2006; Metrik and Rohsenow, 2013; Niaura et al, 1991), it is important to study the mechanisms linking AS and negative reinforcement-related smoking expectancies (i.e., beliefs that smoking and smoking abstinence alleviate and exacerbate aversive states, respectively). Besides the intrinsic value, such knowledge may lead to a wider variety of treatment options because it may be possible to develop cessation treatment techniques that target the putative precipitating variable (the predictor) as well as the intervening variable (the mediator) on smoking motivation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anxiety Sensitivity and Negative Urgency

Guillot

Pang

Leventhal

2014

Journal of Addiction Medicine

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Objectives Anxiety sensitivity—fear of anxiety symptoms—may increase motivation to smoke by influencing the development of cognitive expectations regarding smoking’s negative reinforcing effects; yet, the nature and mechanisms of this pathway are unclear. We hypothesized that relations between anxiety sensitivity and negative reinforcement-related smoking expectancies would be mediated by negative urgency, i.e., a trait tendency to act impulsively during negative affect. Methods In a cross-sectional design, we administered self-report measures of anxiety sensitivity, negative urgency, and negative reinforcement-related smoking outcome and abstinence expectancies to 205 smokers (≥10 cig/day, 34% female, M age = 44.4 years). Results Anxiety sensitivity was associated with stronger expectancies that smoking alleviates negative affect (β = .30, p < .0001) and smoking abstinence exacerbates aversive withdrawal symptoms (β = .24, p = .0004). Negative urgency partially mediated the relation between anxiety sensitivity and both types of negative reinforcement-related smoking expectancies (βs ≥ .057, ps ≤ .007). Results remained significant after statistically controlling for anxiety and nicotine dependence symptoms. Conclusions Smokers high in anxiety sensitivity tend to display negative urgency, which in turn is related to greater expectations of negative reinforcement consequences of smoking and smoking abstinence. Treatments which mitigate fear of anxiety symptoms and the tendency to act impulsively in response to negative affect (e.g., interoceptive exposure, distress tolerance skills training, and mindfulness training) may be particularly useful in assisting with smoking cessation for high-anxiety sensitivity smokers.

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Understanding the Role of Substance Expectancies in Addiction

Cited by 14 publications

References 122 publications

Expectancy of impairment attenuates marijuana-induced risk taking

Expectancy of impairment attenuates marijuana-induced risk taking

Development and initial validation of a marijuana cessation expectancies questionnaire

Anxiety Sensitivity and Negative Urgency

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