Understanding the role of the gut ecosystem in diabetes mellitus

Aw, Wanping; Fukuda, Shinji

doi:10.1111/jdi.12673

Cited by 138 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Western diet, antibiotic use, and microbial exposure all have been reported to play a role in gut dysbiosis (68). It is hypothesized that this altered microbiome leads to reduction of GLP-1 secretion, short-chain fatty acid production, and low-grade inflammation and may also impact insulin resistance-all factors contributing to diabetes and its complications (6,68). Indeed, studies have linked the microbiota to diabetic retinopathy (69).…”

Section: Genes Environmental Factors Epigenetic Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diabetic Retinopathy–An Underdiagnosed and Undertreated Inflammatory, Neuro-Vascular Complication of Diabetes

Sinclair

Schwartz

2019

Front. Endocrinol.

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Diabetes mellitus is a world-wide epidemic and diabetic retinopathy, a devastating, vision-threatening condition, is one of the most common diabetes-specific complications. Diabetic retinopathy is now recognized to be an inflammatory, neuro-vascular complication with neuronal injury/dysfunction preceding clinical microvascular damage. Importantly, the same pathophysiologic mechanisms that damage the pancreatic β-cell (e.g., inflammation, epigenetic changes, insulin resistance, fuel excess, and abnormal metabolic environment), also lead to cell and tissue damage causing organ dysfunction, elevating the risk of all complications, including diabetic retinopathy. Viewing diabetic retinopathy within the context whereby diabetes and all its complications arise from common pathophysiologic factors allows for the consideration of a wider array of potential ocular as well as systemic treatments for this common and devastating complication. Moreover, it also raises the importance of the need for methods that will provide more timely detection and prediction of the course in order to address early damage to the neurovascular unit prior to the clinical observation of microangiopathy. Currently, treatment success is limited as it is often initiated far too late and after significant neurodegeneration has occurred. This forward-thinking approach of earlier detection and treatment with a wider array of possible therapies broadens the physician's armamentarium and increases the opportunity for prevention and early treatment of diabetic retinopathy with preservation of good vision, as well the prevention of similar destructive processes occurring among other organs.

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Section: Genes Environmental Factors Epigenetic Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diabetic Retinopathy–An Underdiagnosed and Undertreated Inflammatory, Neuro-Vascular Complication of Diabetes

Sinclair

Schwartz

2019

Front. Endocrinol.

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“…On the other hand, he most common type, type II diabetes, is often presented in adults. It is usually presented as a collection of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance [2]. -Microbiota‖ is a term used to characterize microorganisms which normally inhabit the human skin, gut, vagina, upper respiratory tract, and the throat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gut bacteria and the host live in a commensal manner. Gut bacteria play a remarkable role in human health, such as aiding in the digestion of cellulose, synthesizing vitamin K, promoting angiogenesis and enteric nerve function, and supplying essential nutrients [2]. However, they can also be harmful because of their composition change when the intestinal ecosystem is exposed to abnormal changes such as in cases of the use of antibiotics, stress, illness, bad dietary habits, aging, and lifestyle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploitation of Absolute qPCR to Estimate Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium Count in Human Gut as Indicator of Diabetic Mellitus Complication

Al-Rawe

Suleiman

2020

eijs

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Diabetes mellitus is a form of metabolic disorder where patients are incapable to organize glucose metabolism. The most common types are Type I and Type II, constituting about 10% and 90% of cases, respectively. The cause of type I diabetes, which usually spreads in children and adolescents, is the disability of the endocrine system to produce insulin. On the other hand, The most common type of diabetes, type II diabetes, is often presented in adults. It is usually presented as a collection of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance. This work was done to estimate the count of microbiota in diabetics to find an appraoch for detection and follow-up treatment. The count of two types of bacteria Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium was determined using qPCR based on the standard curve that was created from the serial decimal dilution of samples containing an unknown number of bacteria taken from probiotic capsules. The main results of this study show that the Lactobacillus count was affected by diabetes types, where a decrease was observed in the mean value in the case of diabetes type I group (32978.13) compared with the control group (610680.26). The mean value in diabetes type II was close to that of the control group (682199.27). While, the count of the Bifidobacterium showed a significant reduction in the mean value in both type I and type II diabetes groups (7521.70, 51880.82, respectively), compared with the control group (63405999.00).

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“…GLP‐1‐secreting L cells are distributed throughout the intestine. Some gut microbiota produce short‐chain fatty acids, thereby increasing the number of L cells in the gut and increasing GLP‐1 secretion. Gut microbiota dysbiosis, in contrast, results in downregulation of GLP‐1 receptors in nodose ganglions and decreases insulin secretion.…”

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confidence: 99%