Understanding the STM images of epitaxial graphene on a reconstructed 6H-SiC(0001) surface: the role of tip-induced mechanical distortion of graphene

Abstract

Epitaxial graphene (EG) grown on an annealed 6H-SiC(0001) surface has been studied under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions by using a combined dynamic-scanning tunneling microscope/frequency modulation-atomic force microscope (dynamic-STM/FM-AFM) platform based on a qPlus probe. STM and AFM images independently recorded present the same hexagonal lattice of bumps with a 1.9 nm lattice period, which agrees with density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental results previously reported, attributed to the (6 × 6) quasi-cell associated with the 6H-SiC(0001) reconstruction. However, topographic bumps in AFM images and maxima in the simultaneously recorded mean-tunneling-current map do not overlap but appear to be spaced typically by about 1 nm along the [11] direction of the (6 × 6) quasi-cell. A similar shift is observed between the position of maxima in dynamic-STM images and those in the simultaneously recorded frequency shift map. The origin of these shifts is discussed in terms of electronic coupling variations between the local density of states (LDOS) of EG and the LDOS of the buffer layer amplified by mechanical distortions of EG induced by the STM or AFM tip. Therefore, a constant current STM image of EG on a reconstructed 6H-SiC(0001) surface does not reproduce its real topography but corresponds to the measured LDOS modulations, which depend on the variable tip-induced graphene distortion within the (6 × 6) quasi-cell.

Rippling of graphitic surfaces: a comparison between few-layer graphene and HOPG

“…Interestingly when exfoliation occurs, rippled domains are no more observed on FLG, likely due to the higher defect density resulting from sonication. Several reports investigated the mechanical response of loosely bound quasi-2D systems following STM or AFM tip perturbation [84][85][86][87] and reported local distorsion of the Moiré pattern observed on supported graphene. At the computational level, Duan et al 88 developed a continuum model of a graphene sheet which accounts for ripple formation under the influence of a shear stress; in that case, however, ripple periodicity was found to be modulated by shear stress intensity.…”

Advanced Scanning Probe Microscopy of Graphene and Other 2D Materials

“…The crystal lattice of single-layer graphene has been observed by STM measurements on a wide variety of substrates, such as SiO 2 [33][34][35], SiC [36,37], Ir [38], Pd [39], Cu [40], Ru(0001) [41], and h-BN [42], showing different degrees of corrugation (Figure 2a,b). Moreover, STM can also provide information about the density of states of the 2D samples by Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS) and differential conductance (dI/dV) measurements [43,44].…”