Understanding trade pathways to target biosecurity surveillance

Colunga-Garcia, Manuel; Haack, Robert A.; Magarey, Roger D.; Borchert, Daniel M.

doi:10.3897/neobiota.18.4019

Cited by 33 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Some state regulatory agencies have already adopted a pathway‐centered approach for surveillance activities, often focusing on high‐risk sites such as industrial areas (Colunga‐Garcia et al. ) or large import/export nurseries. Targeted surveys can be effectively coupled with specialized training of individuals who work with trees such as extension agents, foresters, utility crews, arborists, and landscapers, increasing the likelihood that unusual pests or symptomatic trees will be noticed and reported.…”

Section: Policies To Reduce Pest Invasionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonnative forest insects and pathogens in the United States: Impacts and policy options

Lovett

Weiss

Liebhold

et al. 2016

Ecological Applications

329

220

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We review and synthesize information on invasions of nonnative forest insects and diseases in the United States, including their ecological and economic impacts, pathways of arrival, distribution within the United States, and policy options for reducing future invasions. Nonnative insects have accumulated in United States forests at a rate of ~2.5 per yr over the last 150 yr. Currently the two major pathways of introduction are importation of live plants and wood packing material such as pallets and crates. Introduced insects and diseases occur in forests and cities throughout the United States, and the problem is particularly severe in the N ortheast and U pper M idwest. Nonnative forest pests are the only disturbance agent that has effectively eliminated entire tree species or genera from United States forests within decades. The resulting shift in forest structure and species composition alters ecosystem functions such as productivity, nutrient cycling, and wildlife habitat. In urban and suburban areas, loss of trees from streets, yards, and parks affects aesthetics, property values, shading, stormwater runoff, and human health. The economic damage from nonnative pests is not yet fully known, but is likely in the billions of dollars per year, with the majority of this economic burden borne by municipalities and residential property owners. Current policies for preventing introductions are having positive effects but are insufficient to reduce the influx of pests in the face of burgeoning global trade. Options are available to strengthen the defenses against pest arrival and establishment, including measures taken in the exporting country prior to shipment, measures to ensure clean shipments of plants and wood products, inspections at ports of entry, and post‐entry measures such as quarantines, surveillance, and eradication programs. Improved data collection procedures for inspections, greater data accessibility, and better reporting would support better evaluation of policy effectiveness. Lack of additional action places the nation, local municipalities, and property owners at high risk of further damaging and costly invasions. Adopting stronger policies to reduce establishments of new forest insects and diseases would shift the major costs of control to the source and alleviate the economic burden now borne by homeowners and municipalities.

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Section: Policies To Reduce Pest Invasionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonnative forest insects and pathogens in the United States: Impacts and policy options

Lovett

Weiss

Liebhold

et al. 2016

Ecological Applications

329

220

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Biotic interactions can also be important in mediating local establishment and spread, but any such signal can be masked by environmental heterogeneity at large spatial scales (Shea & Chesson, ). Understanding the contributions of trade, climate, and other factors to patterns of occurrence of exotic species remains an important challenge because the design of programmes for detecting and managing exotic species depends on assessments of the risk of introduction, establishment, and harm (Colunga‐Garcia, Haack, Magarey, & Borchert, ; Essl et al, ; Lodge et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accounting for sampling patterns reverses the relative importance of trade and climate for the global sharing of exotic plants

Sofaer

Jarnevich

2017

Global Ecol. Biogeogr.

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Aim The distributions of exotic species reflect patterns of human‐mediated dispersal, species climatic tolerances and a suite of other biotic and abiotic factors. The relative importance of each of these factors will shape how the spread of exotic species is affected by ongoing economic globalization and climate change. However, patterns of trade may be correlated with variation in scientific sampling effort globally, potentially confounding studies that do not account for sampling patterns. Location Global. Time period Museum records, generally from the 1800s up to 2015. Major taxa studied Plant species exotic to the United States. Methods We used data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) to summarize the number of plant species with exotic occurrences in the United States that also occur in each other country world‐wide. We assessed the relative importance of trade and climatic similarity for explaining variation in the number of shared species while evaluating several methods to account for variation in sampling effort among countries. Results Accounting for variation in sampling effort reversed the relative importance of trade and climate for explaining numbers of shared species. Trade was strongly correlated with numbers of shared U.S. exotic plants between the United States and other countries before, but not after, accounting for sampling variation among countries. Conversely, accounting for sampling effort strengthened the relationship between climatic similarity and species sharing. Using the number of records as a measure of sampling effort provided a straightforward approach for the analysis of occurrence data, whereas species richness estimators and rarefaction were less effective at removing sampling bias. Main conclusions Our work provides support for broad‐scale climatic limitation on the distributions of exotic species, illustrates the need to account for variation in sampling effort in large biodiversity databases, and highlights the difficulty in inferring causal links between the economic drivers of invasion and global patterns of exotic species occurrence.

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“…Having a better understanding of PPN survival in soil inadvertently transported with commodities, freight, used machinery or humans (e.g. footwear) is important in the development of both scientifically valid pest risk analysis as well as cost-effective management strategies (Colunga-Garcia et al 2013, Singh et al 2015, McNeill et al 2017). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant parasitic nematode survival and detection to inform biosecurity risk assessment

Aalders¹,

McNeill²,

Bell³

et al. 2017

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Plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) are known to survive periods of desiccation, an ability that increases the risk of them surviving unintentional transport between countries. To investigate nematode survival in soil subject to prolonged storage, soil collected from a native forest and an organic orchard was stored separately in cupboards at ambient temperature for 36 months. Subsamples were taken at 0, 3, 6, 12, 13, 24 and 36 months to determine the presence of plant parasitic and total nematodes using a standard misting technique. Pratylenchus was used as a model to determine if PPNs that had been under prolonged storage were able to infect plant hosts at 13, 24 and 36 months.Overall, the total number of nematodes recovered from stored soil declined over time, with differences in species diversity determined by molecular methods, related to soil origin. No PPN were recovered in soil stored beyond 13 months using the three-day misting technique. By comparison, Pratylenchus nematodes, using a baiting method, were found to successfully invade host plant roots (ryegrass and white clover) even after 36 months storage and were observed to produce offspring at 13 months. Baiting was not effective for Pratylenchus found in soil originally collected from the forest but was for orchard soil, a result attributed to the lack of suitable host plants for the Pratylenchus species found in forest soil.This study demonstrated, that in protected environments, nematodes could survive for at least 36 months and were observed to produce offspring at 13 months. Baiting with a host plant was more sensitive in detecting nematodes than using the misting extraction technique, although this approach only works where the host plant is known. Without a priori knowledge of the nematode-plant host association, plant baiting may also produce false negatives. In the context of plant biosecurity and providing an accurate risk assessment in soil contaminants, the development of a generic test for PPN that induces nematodes in a resting stage to emerge and respond to a cue would enhance the probability of detection. However, as assessments at the border are often time limited, a molecular based bioassay that can be used to indicate the presence of multiple species of live PPN species may be a more feasible option for risk assessments. Aalders et al. / NeoBiota 36: 1-16 (2017) 2

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Understanding trade pathways to target biosecurity surveillance

Cited by 33 publications

References 32 publications

Nonnative forest insects and pathogens in the United States: Impacts and policy options

Nonnative forest insects and pathogens in the United States: Impacts and policy options

Accounting for sampling patterns reverses the relative importance of trade and climate for the global sharing of exotic plants

Plant parasitic nematode survival and detection to inform biosecurity risk assessment

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