“…Instead, when thinking about the issue, the urban resident may access from memory more abstract, value-laden basic beliefs (Manfredo, Fulton, & Pierce, 1997). These basic beliefs, or wildlife value orientations, have been shown to in uence responses to other resource management issues (Fulton, Manfredo, & Lipscomb, 1996;Zinn, Manfredo, Vaske, & Wittmann, 1998), and evidence suggests that the beliefs of trapping opponents in Colorado and Arizona were values-based (de Vos, Shroufe, & Supplee, 1998;Manfredo et al, 1997). The extent to which beliefs are based on values may differ between individuals and across issues.…”