“…A Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), most frequently the Global Positioning System (GPS), providing velocity and position directly in the geographic coordinate system, is widely used as an aiding source for in-motion alignment (Jiang et al, 2013; Kaygısız and Sen, 2015; Kubo et al, 2006; Wu and Pan, 2013a; 2013b). However, GNSS are vulnerable to jamming, blocking and spoofing, greatly affecting their availability and reliability (Chang et al, 2016; Pan and Wu, 2016; Liu et al, 2018). For the land vehicles of interest here, an odometer is the most commonly used velocity-aiding source for autonomous initial alignment (Xu et al, 2017; Bimal and Joshi, 2015; Wu, 2014).…”