Underwater microwave ignition of hydrophobic thermite powder enabled by the bubble-marble effect

Meir, Yigal; Jerby, E.

doi:10.1063/1.4928110

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…where a more active pure metal M reacts with a metal or non-metal oxide AO, resulting in a more stable oxide MO, metal or non-metal A, and energy H [24]. This reaction type can take place in oxygen-free environments due to the zero-oxygen balance of the reaction [25]. Observing Eq.…”

Section: Gibbs Free Energy and Ellingham Diagrammentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamics of thermite reactions for a new thermal plug and abandonment process

Souza

Lemos

Kawachi

2021

Continuum Mech. Thermodyn.

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Thermites are powerful energetic materials able to release large amounts of energy in a selfpropagating reaction. They have been widely applied in rail welding, pyrotechnics, and material synthesis, as they are highly exothermic. In recent years, there has been an increased interest on applying a thermite reaction in the plug and abandonment of wells due to the possibility of reducing the high cost of this process. However, some primary studies are required to understand these energetic materials and to select the most efficient thermite mixtures to be applied in a plug and abandonment scenario. Although they do not react as simple condensed-phase reactions because of all the complex physicochemical mechanisms involved, they can be characterized and understood by simple principles of thermodynamics. As so, this research presents the importance of the Gibbs free energy concept to determine the candidates of a thermite reaction, in addition to showing how important characteristics of these reactions such as adiabatic temperature and heat released can be calculated using thermodynamic principles. Lastly, the minimization of Gibbs free energy method for determining the final products of a reaction, considering chemical equilibrium, is presented and applied to predict the final products, as a function of temperature, for some of the most powerful thermite mixtures. The conclusion is that, although the 2Al-Fe 2 O 3 thermite reaction has the lower mass and volumetric heat of combustion in comparison with the 2Al-3CuO and 3Be-Fe 2 O 3 thermites, it can reach the highest adiabatic temperature observed due to the lower gaseous mass fraction in the products, which means fewer heat losses due to phase changes. So, the thermite mixture 2Al-Fe 2 O 3 is a promising candidate for the plug and abandonment of mature oil wells. KeywordsThermite • Aluminothermic reactions • Gibbs free energy • Thermodynamics Latin symbols a Chemical activity C p Heat capacity at constant pressure G Gibbs free energy H Enthalpy m Mass n Number of mols Communicated by Andreas Öchsner.

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Section: Gibbs Free Energy and Ellingham Diagrammentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamics of thermite reactions for a new thermal plug and abandonment process

Souza

Lemos

Kawachi

2021

Continuum Mech. Thermodyn.

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“…Microwave irradiation has been utilized in various fields of material processing and metallurgy. Various types of the reduction of iron oxides with microwave irradiation have been reported to exhibit effects of microwave irradiation on the reduction to metal iron with significant advantages to previous process . Yoshikawa et al.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various types of the reduction of iron oxides with microwave irradiation have been reported to exhibit effects of microwave irradiation on the reduction to metal iron with significant advantages to previous process. [1][2][3] Yoshikawa et al also reported carbothermic reduction of MgO with microwave irradiation to produce magnesium vapor. [4] We have reported the reduction of calcined dolomite to metallic magnesium with ferrosilicon.…”

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confidence: 99%

A Facile Formation of Vanadium(0) by the Reduction of Vanadium Pentoxide Pelletized with Magnesium Oxide Enabled by Microwave Irradiation

et al. 2020

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The reduction of V2O5 to vanadium metal(0), that requires severe conditions in conventional reduction methods, was enabled to be proceeded in a short time of 1 h at 1273 K by the reaction with magnesium vapor with the isolation yield of V(0) in 55.6% by using microwave irradiation of 820 W. A pressurized pelletization of powdery V2O5 well‐mixed with MgO powder at a specific mixing ratio followed by calcination in ambient air at 1173 K was crucial for the reaction since a complex oxide of MgV2O4, presumably as a precursor, was formed in calcination of the V2O5/MgO pellet to be reduced to V(0) by the reaction with magnesium. Calcination of V2O5/MgO pellets with different mixing ratios or different temperatures resulted in the formation of different kinds of complex oxide of vanadium and magnesium such as α‐Mg2V2O7, Mg3(VO4)2, triclinic Mg2V2O7, and MgV2O6. While the yield of V(0) was dependent on the kind of the complex oxide, formation of MgV2O4 was essential as the precursor to the formation of V(0).

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“…Microwave energy interactions with energetic materials have been studied for a number of purposes including explosive/thermite ignition, − as a means of burning rate control in composite propellants, and to switch light emission profiles of pyrotechnics . These studies examine microwave energy deposition to the energetic and its reaction wave by various mechanisms, which include: (1) dielectric losses (dipolar polarization), − (2) interfacial losses at grain/phase boundaries or defect regions (Maxwell–Wagner polarization), , or (3) conduction losses (eddy current or magnetic induction heating). , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart Electromagnetic Thermites: GO/rGO Nanoscale Thermite Composites with Thermally Switchable Microwave Ignitability

Barkley

Lawrence

Zohair

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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This effort demonstrates the development of a novel, graphene oxide nanoscale thermite composite with thermally tunable microwave ignitability. A model thermite system containing nanoscale aluminum and nanoscale iron(II) oxide in a stoichiometric ratio (30/70 wt %) was combined with sheets of graphene oxide (GO) or reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using an immiscible two-fluid sonication and tape casting process. The samples were microwave irradiated within a singlemode resonant microwave cavity to determine the microwave ignition delay. Neat thermites were found to ignite after 4.34 s of microwave illumination, whereas 30 wt % rGO thermite composite ignition delay was an order of magnitude shorter (0.43 s). For most samples (4 of 6 trials), it was found that application of a 30 wt % GO coating inhibits microwave ignition of the thermite. Thermal treatment of the GO thermite composite led to switching of thermites from unignitable to ignitable with microwave field application as short as 0.24 s due to GO reduction. Optimum heat treatment time and GO content are explored with SEM, DSC/TGA-MS, Raman, and XPS deconvolution. This effort demonstrates the use of GO and rGO addition to achieve thermally switchable microwave ignitability to electromagnetically shield or enhance nanoscale energetic ignition by microwave energy.

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Underwater microwave ignition of hydrophobic thermite powder enabled by the bubble-marble effect

Cited by 18 publications

References 17 publications

Thermodynamics of thermite reactions for a new thermal plug and abandonment process

Thermodynamics of thermite reactions for a new thermal plug and abandonment process

A Facile Formation of Vanadium(0) by the Reduction of Vanadium Pentoxide Pelletized with Magnesium Oxide Enabled by Microwave Irradiation

Smart Electromagnetic Thermites: GO/rGO Nanoscale Thermite Composites with Thermally Switchable Microwave Ignitability

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