Underwater observations of active lava flows from Kilauea volcano, Hawaii

Tribble, Gordon W.

doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0633:uooalf>2.3.co;2

Cited by 68 publications

(65 citation statements)

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“…Commonly sheet lava has a pillowed base or top. Tribble (1991) observed lava flowing in open channels, and the ultrathin lava layers described by Moore & Charlton (1984) may be similar, formed in channels or as multiple crusts in lava tubes. Even where vesicles are scarce, large voids can occur in pillows at all depths due to drainage of lava from tubes (Fornari 1986).…”

Section: Pillowed Lavamentioning

confidence: 99%

Basaltic-volcano systems

Walker

1993

194

124

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This review and personal account of basaltic volcanism concentrates on the geological aspects and physical controls, unlike most others which concentrate on geochemistry. It serves as an update to reviews by Wentworth & Macdonald 20 to 40 years ago. The concept of volcanic systems is developed, a system including the plumbing, intrusions, and other accoutrements of volcanism, as well as the volcanic edifice. Five types of systems are described, namely lava-shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes, flood-basalt fields, monogenetic-volcano fields, and central volcanoes (having silicic volcanics as well as basaltic). It is postulated that the system-type depends on (a) the magma-input rate and (b) the frequency with which magma-batches enter the system (or modulation frequency). These controls determine whether a hot pathway is maintained from the source to the high-level magma chamber, and hence if eruptions are concentrated in the central-vent system. Reviews are given on many aspects: the different kinds of rift zones that volcanoes exhibit, and their controls; the mostly small intrusions, including coherent-intrusion complexes, that occur in and under the volcanic edifices; the great sill swarms that are an alternative to flood basalts; the origin of the craters and calderas of basaltic volcanoes; high-level magma chambers, their locations, and cumulate prisms; the positive Bouguer gravity anomalies that are attributed to cumulates and intrusion complexes; the structures of basaltic lava flows; the characteristics of basaltic explosive volcanism and the consequences of participation by nonvolcanic water; the products of underwater volcanism; the origin and significance of joints, formed either by contraction or expansion, in volcanic rocks; and the distribution of vesicles in basaltic rocks. A fairly extensive bibliography is included. This is in part a review; it takes stock of changes in concepts since the publications by Wentworth & Macdonald (1953) and Macdonald (1967), which were models of clear description of basaltic volcanics, and since the publication 12 years ago of the landmark Basaltic Volcanism Study Project (1981). It also incorporates new ideas, new interpretations, and new ways of looking at the subject. The scope of basaltic volcanism is too broad to cover all aspects, and petrology and geochemistry are specifically omitted.More than half of the world's volcanoes are basaltic or include basalt among their products; and about one third of known eruptions, involving about 20 volcanoes per year erupt basaltic magma. Basaltic volcanoes occur in all tectonic settings. Basaltic volcanism is associated with both divergent and convergent plate boundaries; it characterizes spreading ridges mostly concealed beneath the ocean; it characterizes hotspot volcanism which, in oceanic settings, is almost exclusively basaltic and, in continental settings, is commonly bimodal (basaltic plus rhyolitic); and it is widespread associated with andesitic and more silicic magmas in subduction-zone settings, particula...

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Section: Pillowed Lavamentioning

confidence: 99%

Basaltic-volcano systems

Walker

1993

194

124

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“…For nearly eight years, flows from this eruption have entered the ocean on the accessible south flank of the volcano, providing an excellent opportunity to study, at close hand, the Ž interaction between molten lava and water e.g., . Tribble, 1991;Sansone et al, 1991 . Pahoehoe flows advance down the flank of the volcano from active vents on the rift zone and form a system of tubes that transport lava to the coastline with minimal cooling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Littoral hydrovolcanic explosions: a case study of lava–seawater interaction at Kilauea Volcano

Mattox

Mangan

1997

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

159

156

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A variety of hydrovolcanic explosions may occur as basaltic lava flows into the ocean. Observations and measurements were made during a two-year span of unusually explosive littoral activity as tube-fed pahoehoe from Kilauea Volcano inundated the southeast coastline of the island of Hawai'i. Our observations suggest that explosive interactions require high Ž 3 . entrance fluxes G 4 m rs and are most often initiated by collapse of a developing lava delta. Two types of interactions were observed. ''Open mixing'' of lava and seawater occurred when delta collapse exposed the mouth of a severed lava tube or incandescent fault scarp to wave action. The ensuing explosions produced unconsolidated deposits of glassy lava fragments or lithic debris. Interactions under ''confined mixing'' conditions occurred when a lava tube situated at or below sea level fractured. Explosions ruptured the roof of the tube and produced circular mounds of welded spatter. We estimate a waterrrock mass ratio of 0.15 for the most common type of littoral explosion and a kinetic energy release of 0.07-1.3 kJrkg for the range of events witnessed.

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“…The slope is apparently at the gravitational angle of repose of the sand as any disturbance by a diver triggers a small landslide (Tribble, 1991). The slope flattens somewhat farther offshore, where it has a gradient of 25"-30", between water depths of 50 and 250 m. At greater depths…”

Section: Sediment Tvpes Volcaniclastic Sandsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…on the southern submarine flank of Kilauea (Tribble, 1991;Chadwick and others, 1993;Smith, 1993). The slope is apparently at the gravitational angle of repose of the sand as any disturbance by a diver triggers a small landslide (Tribble, 1991).…”

Section: Sediment Tvpes Volcaniclastic Sandsmentioning

confidence: 99%