“…Feature extraction methods, such as the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) (Gabor, 1946), the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) (Mallat, 1989), the Hilbert-Huang transform (Yu et al, 2016), and the limit cycle (Goldobin et al, 2010), have been proven to be simple yet effective in acoustic signal processing (Zeng and Wang, 2014;Liu et al, 2017;Tuncer et al, 2021). These methods mainly focus on time domain features and have succeeded due to the assumption of a homogenous propagation environment, such as air, where the frequency characteristics of received signals remain constant over time (Salomons and Havinga, 2015).…”