Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review of Recent Issues and Challenges

Awan, Khalid Mahmood; Shah, Peer Azmat; Iqbal, Khalid; Gillani, Saira; Ahmad, Waqas; Nam, Yunyoung

doi:10.1155/2019/6470359

Cited by 253 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Furthermore, intercluster multihop routing among the CH approach is adopted for data transmission towards the BS. In [36], the authors proposed the Mobile Energy-Aware Cluster-Based Multihop (MEACBM) routing protocol in which heterogeneous WSN is divided into clusters, selecting the CH with the highest residual energy. Furthermore, the protocol maintains the coverage and connectivity in the network by constructing a subcluster for nodes that deployed far away in the network and compute the multihop route for interclustering combination among clusters and subclusters.…”

Section: Hierarchical Routing Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimized Cluster-Based Dynamic Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks in Agriculture Precision

et al. 2020

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are becoming one of the demanding platforms, where sensor nodes are sensing and monitoring the physical or environmental conditions and transmit the data to the base station via multihop routing. Agriculture sector also adopted these networks to promote innovations for environmental friendly farming methods, lower the management cost, and achieve scientific cultivation. Due to limited capabilities, the sensor nodes have suffered with energy issues and complex routing processes and lead to data transmission failure and delay in the sensor-based agriculture fields. Due to these limitations, the sensor nodes near the base station are always relaying on it and cause extra burden on base station or going into useless state. To address these issues, this study proposes a Gateway Clustering Energy-Efficient Centroid-(GCEEC-) based routing protocol where cluster head is selected from the centroid position and gateway nodes are selected from each cluster. Gateway node reduces the data load from cluster head nodes and forwards the data towards the base station. Simulation has performed to evaluate the proposed protocol with state-of-the-art protocols. The experimental results indicated the better performance of proposed protocol and provide more feasible WSN-based monitoring for temperature, humidity, and illumination in agriculture sector.

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Section: Hierarchical Routing Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimized Cluster-Based Dynamic Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks in Agriculture Precision

et al. 2020

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“…Acoustic communication is the only tranquil solution for underwater data routing due to its unique channel feature [8]. For terrestrial communication, the radio and electromagnetic waves are the best media because they cover a wide range of distance, but in the case of underwater they totally fail, therefore acoustic signals play the desired role in such an environment despite limited bandwidth and a propagation speed of about 1500 m/s which is considered to be very slow [9]. Nodes bearing low water pressure die early in the usual routing approach.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, the link quality is optimized with energy consumption Ea p , Eb p and Ea 2p , respectively which remains unaltered, and therefore Equation (9), in due course, updates the link status probability from 50% to a 90%.…”

Section: Link Grain Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of Shrewd Underwater Routing Synergy Using Porous Energy Shells

et al. 2020

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During the course of ubiquitous data monitoring in the underwater environment, achieving sustainable communication links among the sensor nodes with astute link quality seems an ordeal challenge. Energy utilization has a direct impact because all active devices are battery dependent and no charging or replacement actions can be made when cost- effective data packet delivery has been set as the benchmark. Hop link inspection and the selection of a Shrewd link through a resurrecting link factor have been nothing short of a bleak challenge, and only possible after meticulous research to develop a shrewd underwater routing synergy using extra porous energy shells (SURS-PES) which has never been conducted before. After broadcasting packets, the sensor node conducts a link inspection phase, thereby, if any link is found to be less than or equal to 50% shaky, the destination receiving node adds its residual energy status and returns it to the source node which adds some unusable energy porous shell to strengthen the link from 5% to a maximum of 90% and sends it only to the targeted node, therefore, an unaltered data packet delivery is anticipated. Performance evaluation was carried out using an NS2 simulator and the obtained results were compared with depth-based routing (DBR) and energy efficient DBR (EEDBR) to observe the outcomes with results that confirmed the previously mentioned direction for research in this area.

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“…o Man-Made Noise: The noise which is produced by different activities such as fishing, use of machines, sonar, shipping, and military [18]. These activities produce interference and disturbance in communication [19]. o Ambient Noise: It is a complex process that occurs by a combination of different undefined sources which cannot be identified uniquely [20].…”

Section: A Challenges Of Underwater Wireless Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Angle Adjustment for Vertical and Diagonal Communication in Underwater Sensor

Anum¹,

Ali²,

Akbar³

et al. 2020

IJACSA

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Underwater wireless sensor network has been an area of interest for a few previous decades. UWSNs consists of tiny sensors responsible for monitoring different underwater events and transmit the collected data to the sink node. In the harsh and continuously changing environment of water, gaining better communication and performance is a difficult task as compared to networks available on land because of different underwater characteristics such as end-to-end delays, node movement, and energy constraints. In this paper, a novel routing technique named angle adjustment for vertical and diagonal communication was proposed, which doesn't use any location information of nodes. It is also efficient in terms of energy and end-to-end delays. In this approach, the source node evaluates the flooding zone based on the angle by using the basic formula for forwarding the packet to the sink. After evaluating the flooding zone, the angles of each node are compared and the packet is sent to the node closest to the vertical line. The proposed approach is evaluated with the help of NS-2 with AquaSim. The results show better results performance in data delivery, end-to-end delays, and energy consumption than DBR.

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Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review of Recent Issues and Challenges

Cited by 253 publications

References 51 publications

Optimized Cluster-Based Dynamic Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks in Agriculture Precision

Optimized Cluster-Based Dynamic Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks in Agriculture Precision

Design of Shrewd Underwater Routing Synergy Using Porous Energy Shells

Angle Adjustment for Vertical and Diagonal Communication in Underwater Sensor

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