Undesired intimacy: German–Chinese couples in Germany (1900s–1940s)

Domestic Violence in Cross-Border Marriages: A Systematic Review

“…A total ( n =12) articles mentioned age as a risk factor for domestic violence among cross-border couples. Researchers reported that the residential and economic dependence on these spouses made it extremely difficult for those who married older men to free themselves from domestic violence (Challborn & Harder, 2019; Chang, 2020; Chaudhuri et al, 2014; Choi & Cheung, 2017; Choi et al, 2020; de Hart, 2017; Jashari et al, 2021; Lorke, 2019; Statham, 2020; Statham et al, 2020; Williams, 2010b). As such, when these men domestically violate them, they have nowhere to run to and cannot challenge his authority as such they accept the violence as part of the bargain because they are afraid of being deported (Tang & Wang, 2014).…”

“…Migrant women who choose to leave the marriage following severe domestic violence, the sanction hits harder on them not only because of their marginal position but because of the absence of family and community to support and argue their cases (Choi et al, 2020; Kim et al, 2017; Kwak, 2019; Manassen & Verkuyten, 2018; Williams, 2010a, 2010b; Williams & yu, 2006; Yeoh et al, 2017). In addition, other researchers reported that when a woman loss her right to reside in the country of destination upon determination of her legal status before divorce/separation, she risk rejection going back to her country of origin (Block, 2021a; Cheng, 2013; Chiu & Choi, 2020; Haile et al, 2020; Kanchanachitra & Chuenglertsiri, 2020; Kim & Kim, 2020; Lorke, 2019; Statham, 2020; Statham et al, 2020; Zhang, 2020). Hence, they face marginalization from both sides because cross-border marriages is condemned also by peers (Kim et al, 2017), with uncertain of citizenship after having been rejected by both countries.…”

“…Researchers report that these women had to face double trauma, one of re-integration and the other accepting their children (Carver, 2016; Kim et al, 2016; Zani, 2020). These women, after being divorced, mostly become homeless (Haile et al, 2020) mostly because of poverty, domestic violence, and lack of access to housing due to their uncertain legal status (Block, 2021a, 2021b; Haile et al, 2020; Kanchanachitra & Chuenglertsiri, 2020; Kim & Kim, 2020; Lorke, 2019). Some researchers posit that once homeless, there are negative and positive experiences these women undergo (Haile et al, 2020; Williams, 2010a, 2010b; Williams & yu, 2006; Yeung & Mu, 2020) leaving them psychologically traumatized even after the violence have ended.…”

“…For the immigrant wife to obtain citizenship in the destination country, she must pass the consummation and continual contact with her spouse test (Challborn & Harder, 2019). The language barrier, cultural differences, lack of legitimate legal status to give cross-border wives rights, racism being although the experience and effect of domestic violence are relatively similar for women worldwide, they are being tagged "the other woman" or "dependent" (Tang & Wang, 2011;Williams, 2010a;Williams & yu, 2006), age gap-usually the men are older than these women and exercise so much dominion on the cross-border wives making them total dependent increasing their vulnerability to domestic violence (Chaudhuri et al, 2014;de Hart, 2017de Hart, , 2019Lorke, 2019;Statham, 2020;Statham et al, 2020;Tang & Wang, 2014).…”