Undifferentiated Febrile Illnesses Amongst British Troops in Helmand, Afghanistan

Bailey, Margaret; Trinick, TR; Dunbar, JA; Hatch, Rebecca; Jc, Osborne; Brooks, TJ; Green, AD

doi:10.1136/jramc-157-02-05

Cited by 46 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…A study performed on British soldiers with fever of unknown origin in Afghanistan showed that 26% of the 26 soldiers had acute Q fever (9). This issue should be taken into account due to several factors such as the proximity of Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan Province) to Afghanistan, the entry of immigrants (legal and illegal) and livestock to Sistan and Baluchestan Province, lack of adequate control of the production and distribution chain of dairy products, and, finally, traditional ranching methods and proximity of livestock and ranchers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute Q fever among febrile patients in Zahedan, southeastern Iran

Metanat¹,

Rad²,

Alavi-Naini³

et al. 2014

Turk J Med Sci

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It is shown that the electroweak physics of the electron and the muon is based on the left-right gauge model with the mixing parameters 0.2254 and 0.2746. These mixing parameters are determined by the masses of the electron and the muon. The electroweak physics of the Tau-lepton and its left-handed neutrino is based on the gauge group SU(2)LXU(1).The mixing parameter for this gauge model is 0.5 and is determined by the mass of the charged Tau-lepton. The W and Z bosons that mediate the electroweak physics of Tau-lepton and its neutrino have masses 173.5 GeV and 245.4 GeV, respectively.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are some published studies of countries neighboring Iran in relation to prevalence of Q fever (4,(9)(10)(11). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of anti-C. burnetii antibodies among febrile patients in southeast Iran.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Q fever among febrile patients in Zahedan, southeastern Iran

Metanat¹,

Rad²,

Alavi-Naini³

et al. 2014

Turk J Med Sci

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“…Between 2007 and 2010, the largest described outbreak of Q fever occurred in the Netherlands, resulting in .4000 human cases, and .50 000 goats were culled in order to control the spread of the disease (Whelan et al, 2011;Dijkstra et al, 2012). In addition, there are several recent reports of outbreaks amongst military personnel serving in Iraq and Afghanistan, and C. burnetii is listed as a category B agent by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Moodie et al, 2008;Faix et al, 2008;Bailey et al, 2011). Infection of humans usually occurs by inhalation of bacterial aerosols, but transmission by ingestion of contaminated dairy products has been reported (Madariaga et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Galleria mellonella as an alternative model of Coxiella burnetii infection

et al. 2014

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Coxiella burnetii is a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium and is the causative agent of the zoonotic disease Q fever. Several rodent and non-human primate models of virulent phase I C. burnetii [Nine Mile (NM)I] have been developed, and have been used to determine the efficacy of antibiotics and vaccine candidates. However, there are several advantages to using insect models to study hostmicrobe interactions, such as reduced animal use, lowered cost and ease of manipulation in high containment. In addition, many laboratories use the avirulent phase II C. burnetii clone (NMII) to study cellular interactions and identify novel virulence determinants using genetic manipulation. We report that larvae of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, were susceptible to infection with both C. burnetii NMI and NMII. Following subcutaneous infection, we report that intracellular bacteria were present within haemocytes and that larval death occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, we have used the model to characterize the role of the type 4 secretion system in C. burnetii NMII and to determine antibiotic efficacy in a non-mammalian model of disease.

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“…AvBat from Argas vespertilionis, bat ticks in Southern France (Socolovschi et al, 2012a). In addition, new discoveries such as the detection of rickettsial agents in mosquito vectors (Socolovschi et al, 2012b,c); the high level of rickettsial etiology in febrile patients in rural sub-Saharan Africa, Afganistan, or Nepal (Maina et al, 2012;Pradhan et al, 2012;Bailey et al, 2011); the possibility of the plant-mediated transmission route of endosymbiotic Rickettsia (Caspi-Fluger et al, 2012) open new issues in the rickettsial field. In the case of rickettsial projects in Slovakia, preparation and prevention are the main tasks for future.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on Rickettsioses in Slovakia

Sekeyová¹,

Socolovschi²,

Špitalská³

et al. 2013

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Summary. -The reported incidence of vector-borne diseases including various cases of Rickettsioses in humans is increasing due to a combination of climatic and social factors, escalating the opportunities for contact between people and ticks, fleas or lice. Many of the emerging infectious diseases currently challenging human health in Europe are transmitted by ticks which normally feed on domestic or wild animals. Each Rickettsia spp. has one or several tick vectors, and their geographical distribution varies according to geographical conditions; e.g.; altitude or temperature, which is gradually changing due to a global warming. Evidence of Rickettsia spp. particularly of a newly discovered species is a strong indication that a great number of diseases may be caused by so far undetected or unrecognized organisms. Their diagnosis relies mostly on rare "spot like" cooperation of clinicians with scientists, the members of the working groups that are devoted to the scientific studies of the corresponding research areas. The clinical picture of the disease caused by rickettsiae varies significantly from flu like symptoms to severe fatal outcomes, reflecting the various factors, e.g. a variability of virulence of rickettsial species due to cell invasion, dissemination of rickettsiae, genomics, immune response of an infected organism, or a tricky impact of a treatment. Several major reviews on rickettsioses have been previously published, e.g. in 1997(Parola et al., 2005, and in 2011 (Botelho-Nevers and Raoult, 2011). In this work we intend to present a short historical overview and to describe new trends in research studies of rickettsiology. The main focus will be on rickettsioses affecting Europe΄s population.

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Undifferentiated Febrile Illnesses Amongst British Troops in Helmand, Afghanistan

Cited by 46 publications

References 37 publications

Acute Q fever among febrile patients in Zahedan, southeastern Iran

Acute Q fever among febrile patients in Zahedan, southeastern Iran

Galleria mellonella as an alternative model of Coxiella burnetii infection

Update on Rickettsioses in Slovakia

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