Undrained cyclic responses of granulated rubber-sand mixtures

Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon associated with strong earthquakes and it can affect large areas. High-rise and low-rise buildings, residential structures typically of 1–2 storeys, may be equally prone to the destructive consequences of liquefaction. For the case of high-rise buildings, expensive solutions like well-designed piles with ground improvement can be used. However, in the case of smaller residential structures, this is not economically viable. To this purpose, the current research explores the effectiveness of a novel proposed low-cost liquefaction protection technique, where the soil underneath the foundation is replaced by a sand-tire chip mixture base reaching down to a certain depth. Series of triaxial and shaking table tests were performed for a range of parametric scenarios to, mainly mechanistically, assess the effectiveness of such a mitigation technique, since similar previous studies are extremely limited. The tests have shown that the closest the considered base is to the surface, the thicker it is and with higher tire ratio, the more effective it can become on controlling the pore pressure rise that leads to liquefaction.

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Experimental study on sand-tire chip mixture foundations acting as a soil liquefaction countermeasure

Nikitas

Bhattacharya

2023

Bull Earthquake Eng

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Rubber-soil mixtures: use of grading entropy theory to evaluate stiffness and liquefaction susceptibility

Bernal-Sanchez

Leak

Barreto

2023

Bull Earthquake Eng

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Rubber-soil mixtures are known to have mechanical properties that enable their use in backfills, road construction or geotechnical seismic isolation systems. The complexity of these mixtures comes from adding soft (i.e. rubber) particles that increases the number of particle properties to consider when studying the macroscopic behaviour. The distinction between sand-like and rubber-like behaviour is normally presented in relation to the rubber content and size ratio between particles. It is however unknown how the change on the mixture gradation affects the mechanical behaviour of RSm. Entropy coordinates condense the entire particle size distribution (PSD) to a single point on a Cartesian plane, accounting for all the information in the gradation. Grading entropy coordinates have been used to study typical geotechnical behaviours of mostly incompressible (i.e. sand) soils. In this study, entropy coordinates are used to analyse the correlation between the small-strain stiffness and liquefaction susceptibility of RSm and their PSDs. The results suggest that entropy coordinates can be used effectively on RSm as an alternative means of assessment of typical soil behaviours, being also able to distinguish between sand-like and rubber-like behaviours. Based on the 30 PSDs analysed, it is also evidenced that internal stability criterion proposed by Lőrincz (1986) can be used to predict the liquefaction susceptibility of RSm. The normalised base entropy (A) has also been shown to increase with the rubber content, which is linked to a lower liquefaction susceptibility, due to the supporting effect of rubber particles on strong-force chains formed of sand particles.

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Resonant Column Tests on Mixtures of Different Sands with Coarse Tyre Rubber Chips

Banzibaganye

Vrettos

2022

Geotech Geol Eng

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The dynamic behaviour of unsaturated sand rubber chips mixtures at various gravimetric contents is evaluated through an experimental study comprising resonant column tests in a fixed-free device. Chips were irregularly shaped with dimensions ranging from 5 to 14 mm. Three types of sand with different gradation have been considered. Relative density amounted to 0.5 for all specimens. Due to the large size of the chips, the diameter of the specimens had to be equal to 100 mm, which in turn required a re-calibration of the device assuming a frequency-dependent drive head inertia. The effects of confining stress, rubber chips content, and sand gradation on shear modulus and damping ratio are determined over wide ranges of the shear strain. At small strains, as known for sands, increasing the confining stress stiffens the mixtures. Increasing the rubber chips content reduces significantly the shear modulus and increases the damping ratio. At higher strains, increasing the confining stress or the rubber content flattens the reduction of the shear modulus with strain. Damping at high strains does not show any appreciable dependence on rubber content. Unloading–reloading sequences are used to assess shear modulus degradation and threshold strains. Finally, design equations are derived from the test results to predict the dynamic response of the composite material.

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Undrained cyclic responses of granulated rubber-sand mixtures

Cited by 16 publications

References 45 publications

Experimental study on sand-tire chip mixture foundations acting as a soil liquefaction countermeasure

Experimental study on sand-tire chip mixture foundations acting as a soil liquefaction countermeasure

Rubber-soil mixtures: use of grading entropy theory to evaluate stiffness and liquefaction susceptibility

Resonant Column Tests on Mixtures of Different Sands with Coarse Tyre Rubber Chips

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