“…This is reinforced by recent research across 46 countries by Save the Children, wh ich found that over two thirds of learners did not have any contact with their teachers during school closures, and over a quarter of learners did not have access to learning materials (Gordon, 2020). There has been a disproportionate impact on vulnerable and marginalised learner s, confounded by the digital divide and access to resources, their geographical location, gender, and socioeconomic status, especially in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) (Hossain, 2021). In Ethiopia, Kenya, Liberia, Tanzania, and Uganda, it has been estimated that learners have lost between half and over one year's worth of learning, defined as learning deterioration and opportunity cost (Angrist, de Barros et al, 2020).…”