Unexplained Male infertility: diagnosis and Management

Abstract

ARTICLE INFO _________________________________________________________ ___________________

Clinical relevance of routine semen analysis and controversies surrounding the 2010 World Health Organization criteria for semen examination

“…Additional tests have been developed to unravel functional disorders and other sperm abnormalities that cannot be identified by conventional semen analysis (11,24). Some of these tests include the hypo-osmotic swelling test, computer--assisted sperm analysis, antisperm antibody test, sperm penetration assay, hemizona assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) test, and sperm chromatin integrity test (25).…”

“…Semen parameters outside reference limits are taken into account not only to define male infertility but also to recommend further evaluation and treatment. One example is unexplained infertility which is based on the absence of female infertility, and the presence of at least two normal semen analysis and no identifiable causes after a thorough work-up including history, physical examination, and endocrine laboratory testing (24). The adoption of the new WHO reference values will likely lead to more men being classified as "fertile," which is of particular importance for gynecologists who rely on semen analysis alone as a surrogate measure for male fertility.…”

The Epididymis: Embryology, Structure, Function And Its Role In Fertilization And Infertility

“…Factors involving males are responsible for infertility in approximately 20% of couples and are contributory in another 30-40% of couples. This means that factors involving males and infertility are implicated in more than 50% of the difficulties couples encounter when attempting pregnancy (Hamada et al, 2011). Diagnostic tools and therapies to treat female infertility are relatively well developed.…”

“…The spermogram accurately assesses male fertility through an evaluation of semen quality, sperm concentration, motility and morphology (Hamada et al, 2011). The normal spermogram values were based on multi-centered population studies on fertile men.…”

The poly(A)-binding protein genes, EPAB, PABPC1, and PABPC3 are differentially expressed in infertile men with non-obstructive azoospermia

“…The male factor solely accounts for infertility development between 40 and 50 % of cases [1,3], and among male factors, azoospermia is the most common factor leading to male infertility. It is briefly described as absence of sperm in the ejaculate and classified as obstructive azoospermia (OA) derived from obstruction of the genital tract, and non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) resulted from testicular failure (reviewed in [4]).…”