Unia Europejska w świecie: soft power, hard power czy może smart power?

Abstract

The main purpose of the article is to ask whether the European Union is a smart power actor. Most of the previous research has treated the EU as a soft power. This work is an analysis of the tools which the European Union uses in its foreign policy. Research has been conducted in the context of types of powers, which have been formulated by Joseph Nye: hard power, soft power and smart power. It was necessary to survey what instruments does the European Union use to have impact on other participants of international relations. Nowadays, a range of these tools is relatively developed, taking into account that the EU is an international organisation. In the conclusion, it is stated that the contemporary European Union should be treated as a soft power, but simultaneously it is an actor which attempts to become a smart power, and has relevant predispositions to it.

Cultural Diplomacy as a Tool of the External Relations Between the UE and the USA

“…As Jeremy Rifkin noted (Rifkin, 2005), the EU attracts audiences to its side by using 'co-opting' rather than 'coercing'. The source of EU's cultural potential lies in the multiple narratives of voluntarily integrated states (Niedźwiecki, 2017) and a display of values such as democracy, pluralism, respect for human rights, freedom of speech and artistic expression. The question is of how to bring countries' positions closer together within the EU in order to ensure a common interpretation of cultural external actions in third countries.…”