“…Since these direct models use mathematical smoothing functions to describe the transition between weak and strong inversion, they are not accurate enough to represent the moderate inversion region, widely employed in low supply voltage circuits [3,4]. Currently, there are essentially two alternative approaches to direct models, namely surface-potential-based (45-based) [1,3,4] and inversion-charge-based (Q'1-based) [2,7,8,9,10] models. In these two indirect models, the drain current and the terminal charges are indirect functions of the terminal voltages through either the surface potential or the inversion charge density.…”