Unified Definitions of Efficiencies and System Noise Temperature for Receiving Antenna Arrays

Warnick, Karl F.; Ivashina, Marianna; Maaskant, Rob; Woestenburg, B.

doi:10.1109/tap.2010.2046859

Cited by 61 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…We use the notation and unified definitions of efficiencies and system noise temperature for receiving antenna arrays put forward by Warnick et al (2010).…”

Section: Beamformed Noise Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the receiver electronics component of the beam equivalent noise temperature is given by (Warnick et al 2010)…”

Section: Beamformed Noise Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pre and postloss reference planes are referred to each other via the beam radiation efficiency (Warnick et al 2010) η rad = P ext,iso…”

Section: Measuring Noise Temperatures Of Array Antennasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some experiments have positioned the absorber at the end of a tapered metal funnel or ground shield (Warnick 2009;Woestenburg et al 2011). Others have used more open structures, like CSIRO's in Figure 1, to support the absorber over the array under test (Woestenburg, Bakker, & Ivashina 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measuring Noise Temperatures of Phased-Array Antennas for Astronomy at CSIRO

Chippendale

Hayman

Hay

2014

Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust.

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We describe the development of a noise-temperature testing capability for phased-array antennas operating in receive mode from 0.7 GHz to 1.8 GHz. Sampled voltages from each array port were recorded digitally as the zenith-pointing array under test was presented with three scenes: (1) a large microwave absorber at ambient temperature, (2) the unobstructed radio sky, and (3) broadband noise transmitted from a reference antenna centred over and pointed at the array under test. The recorded voltages were processed in software to calculate the beam equivalent noise temperature for a maximum signal-to-noise ratio beam steered at the zenith. We introduced the reference-antenna measurement to make noise measurements with reproducible, well-defined beams directed at the zenith and thereby at the centre of the absorber target. We applied a detailed model of cosmic and atmospheric contributions to the radio sky emission that we used as a noise-temperature reference. We also present a comprehensive analysis of measurement uncertainty including random and systematic effects. The key systematic effect was due to uncertainty in the beamformed antenna pattern and how efficiently it illuminates the absorber load. We achieved a combined uncertainty as low as 4 K for a 40 K measurement of beam equivalent noise temperature. The measurement and analysis techniques described in this paper were pursued to support noise-performance verification of prototype phased-array feeds for the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder telescope.

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“…We use the notation and unified definitions of efficiencies and system noise temperature for receiving antenna arrays put forward by Warnick et al (2010).…”

Section: Beamformed Noise Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the receiver electronics component of the beam equivalent noise temperature is given by (Warnick et al 2010)…”

Section: Beamformed Noise Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pre and postloss reference planes are referred to each other via the beam radiation efficiency (Warnick et al 2010) η rad = P ext,iso…”

Section: Measuring Noise Temperatures Of Array Antennasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Measuring Noise Temperatures of Phased-Array Antennas for Astronomy at CSIRO

Chippendale

Hayman

Hay

2014

Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust.

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“…This result was exploited to define efficiencies and system noise temperature for active, nonreciprocal, and digitally beamformed array antennas [4,5]. An early version of the new antenna parameters was reported along with theoretical justification in [6]. The resulting definitions, including refinements and clarifications that arose during discussions with the IEEE Antenna Standards Working Group, have been formulated into the concise set of proposed antenna terms presented below.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noise-based antenna terms for active receiving arrays

Warnick

Ivashina

Maaskant

et al. 2012

Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation

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Abstract-For active receiving arrays with complex receiver chains, nonreciprocal components in the beamforming network, or digitally sampled and processed output signals, existing transmit-based antenna terms such as gain and radiation efficiency cannot be directly applied. Using the reciprocity principle to obtain an equivalence between the total power radiated by a transmitting antenna and the noise power at the output of a receiving antenna, a new set of more general, receiverspecific antenna terms have been obtained. For passive, reciprocal antennas, the new definitions are rigorously equivalent to existing definitions. The terms have received the IEEE Antenna Definitions Working Group's support for inclusion pending final approval by the Antenna Standards Committee in the next update of the IEEE standard for antenna terms.

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