Unified model of attention and problem solving.

Hunt, Earl; Lansman, Marcy

doi:10.1037/0033-295x.93.4.446

Cited by 76 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 24 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…For each condition, participants walked for 3 min and ample rest was provided between conditions. The duration of 3 min was chosen as it is difficult to maximize concentration or sustained attention for a longer period of time (Hunt and Lansman, 1986;Aylward et al 1997;Griggs et al 1998). The order of the walking conditions was counterbalanced between participants.…”

Section: Gait Taskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of aging on the relationship between cognitive demand and step variability during dual-task walking

Decker

Cignetti

Hunt

et al. 2016

AGE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A U-shaped relationship between cognitive demand and gait control may exist in dual-task situations, reflecting opposing effects of external focus of attention and attentional resource competition. The purpose of the study was twofold: to examine whether gait control, as evaluated from step-to-step variability, is related to cognitive task difficulty in a U-shaped manner and to determine whether age modifies this relationship. Young and older adults walked on a treadmill without attentional requirement and while performing a dichotic listening task under three attention conditions: nonforced (NF), forced-right (FR), and forced-left (FL). The conditions increased in their attentional demand and requirement for inhibitory control. Gait control was evaluated by the variability of step parameters related to balance control (step width) and rhythmic stepping pattern (step length and step time). A Ushaped relationship was found for step width variability in both young and older adults and for step time variability in older adults only. Cognitive performance during dual tasking was maintained in both young and older adults. The U-shaped relationship, which presumably results from a trade-off between an external focus of attention and competition for attentional resources, implies that higher-level cognitive processes are involved in walking in young and older adults. Specifically, while these processes are initially involved only in the control of (lateral) balance during gait, they become necessary for the control of (fore-aft) rhythmic stepping pattern in older adults, suggesting that attentional resources turn out to be needed in all facets of walking with aging. Finally, despite the cognitive resources required by walking, both young and older adults spontaneously adopted a Bposture second^strategy, prioritizing the cognitive task over the gait task.

show abstract

Section: Gait Taskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of aging on the relationship between cognitive demand and step variability during dual-task walking

Decker

Cignetti

Hunt

et al. 2016

AGE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This description is based on the theorizing of LaBerge and Samuels (1974), Posner and Snyder (1975), Shiffrin and Schneider (1977), and Logan (1978) among others (see, e.g., Hunt & Lansman, 1986). Contrary to the all-or-none view of Figure 1.…”

Section: Automaticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review.

MacLeod

1991

Psychological Bulletin

4,775

165

3,607

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The literature on interference in the Stroop Color-Word Task, covering over 50 years and some 400 studies, is organized and reviewed. In so doing, a set ofl 8 reliable empirical findings is isolated that must be captured by any successful theory of the Stroop effect. Existing theoretical positions are summarized and evaluated in view of this critical evidence and the 2 major candidate theories--relative speed of processing and automaticity of reading--are found to be wanting. It is concluded that recent theories placing the explanatory weight on parallel processing of the irrelevant and the relevant dimensions are likely to be more successful than are earlier theories attempting to locate a single bottleneck in attention.In 1935, J. R. Stroop published his landmark article on attention and interference, an article more influential now than it was then. Why has the Stroop task continued to fascinate us? Perhaps the task is seen as tapping into the primitive operations of cognition, offering clues to the fundamental process of attention. Perhaps the robustness of the phenomenon provides a special challenge to decipher. Together these are powerful attractions in a field of complex phenomena where the most subtie variation may exert a dramatic effect.In writing this article, I have two primary intentions. The first is to create a taxonomy of the empirical work on the Stroop task and its analogs. At least 70% of the more than 700 Strooprelated articles in the literature have been published since the reviews by Dyer (1973c) and Jensen and Rohwer (1966). Furthermore, Dyer's theoretical framework now seems in need of reconsideration, so that his review no longer provides the optimal organization. The second aim, then, is to survey existing theories, showing the critical weaknesses in the standard explanations and dispelling some myths that have arisen. I argue for a new theoretical framework for the Stroop effect, informed by contemporary cognitive psychology. This framework is more comprehensive than many earlier experiment-specific hypotheses, and suggests directions in which future research might profitably proceed.

show abstract

“…However, the bottom-level implicit processes are significantly faster than the top-level explicit processes (see Schneider & Oliver, 1991;Hunt & Lansman, 1986;Sun & Zhang, 2001). In CLARION, response time is determined by parameters that specify the time lag of each step of associative memory retrieval at the bottom level, and the time lag of each step of rule application at the top level.…”

Section: Simulation Of Experiments 3 With Clarionmentioning

confidence: 99%