Uniform Metal Nanotube Arrays by Multistep Template Replication and Electrodeposition

Mu, Cheng; Yu, Yu‐Xiang; Wang, Rongming; Wu, Kai; Xu, Dongsheng; Guo, Guolin

doi:10.1002/adma.200400129

Cited by 107 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…1-4 Different nanowire morphologies have been reported, some directly formed within the templates, such as nanotubes, [5][6][7] and those that are subsequently etched once released from their templates, such as nanogaps, 4,8 and porous nanowires, 9,10 or through subsequent annealing or displacement reactions resulting in interesting structures, such as nanopeapods.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Potential transients during the last applied cathodic pulse current step, suggests that both the reduction of the oxide and metal occur, and that TEM/SAED confirm changes in the crystalline Fe-Ni-Co structure at the interfacial region between steps that contributes to the tip formation. Electrodeposition conditions to fabricate nanowires using nanoporous templates have been widely examined for different applications, and several good reviews summarize the vast number of metal and alloy nanowire systems considered.1-4 Different nanowire morphologies have been reported, some directly formed within the templates, such as nanotubes, [5][6][7] and those that are subsequently etched once released from their templates, such as nanogaps, 4,8 and porous nanowires, 9,10 or through subsequent annealing or displacement reactions resulting in interesting structures, such as nanopeapods. …”

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Editors' Choice—A Methodology to Electrochemically Fabricate Fe-Ni-Co Nanotips

Geng¹,

Liang²,

Podlaha³

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Fe-Ni-Co nanotips at the end of nanowires are fabricated at the interface of two Fe-Ni-Co regions via a combination of pulse electrodeposition, anodization and chemical etching. The conditions to electrodeposit and anodize the Fe-Ni-Co nanowires in polycarbonate templates were investigated with a rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) to inspect the polarization behavior of the thin film deposition. The wires were fabricated with three, consecutive electrochemical conditions, where first an Fe-Ni-Co wire segment is deposited, followed by an anodic potential to induce growth of an iron oxide thin film, and then followed by an applied, pulse cathodic current density to reduce the oxide and deposit another layer of Fe-Ni-Co. Upon etching, tips formed at the end of the last Fe-Ni-Co region, as evidenced by SEM. Potential transients during the last applied cathodic pulse current step, suggests that both the reduction of the oxide and metal occur, and that TEM/SAED confirm changes in the crystalline Fe-Ni-Co structure at the interfacial region between steps that contributes to the tip formation. Electrodeposition conditions to fabricate nanowires using nanoporous templates have been widely examined for different applications, and several good reviews summarize the vast number of metal and alloy nanowire systems considered.1-4 Different nanowire morphologies have been reported, some directly formed within the templates, such as nanotubes, [5][6][7] and those that are subsequently etched once released from their templates, such as nanogaps, 4,8 and porous nanowires, 9,10 or through subsequent annealing or displacement reactions resulting in interesting structures, such as nanopeapods. 11,12In addition, Geng and Podlaha 13 recently, showed that Cu-Fe-Ni-Co nanowires could be etched in a preferred radial direction, thinning nanowire segments.Nanowires that are shaped into tips at one end, nanotips, have been widely researched due to their application as cantilever tips for high-resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM), 14,15 tip-enhanced near-field optical microscopy, 16 and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), [17][18][19] and the need has recently expanded to bio/chemical sensors to measure electrical conduction as a new methodology for molecular detection and monitoring. [20][21][22][23] The reported nanotip materials used in AFM/STM are usually W and Pt/Ir, which are prepared through a "drop off" technique, where the tungsten wire is immersed in a KOH solution (etchant) acting as an anodic electrode; the highest etching rate appears just below the air/electrolyte interface, causing necking and eventual "drop off" of the bottom part of the wire, leaving a sharp tip. 14,17,19,24,25 Alternative methods for fabricating nanotips include: focused ion beam (FIB) lithography, 26 vapor-liquidsolid method (VLS), 27,28 and a novel, self-masking technique where SiC nanosized clusters are generated on top of a substrate, followed by a dry etch of the unmasked substrate regions to create nanotips where the SiC clusters reside. 29In this...

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Editors' Choice—A Methodology to Electrochemically Fabricate Fe-Ni-Co Nanotips

Geng¹,

Liang²,

Podlaha³

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Since then, such structure, usually called Porous Anodic Alumina (PAA) membrane, has been widely used in the field of nanowires/nanotubes growth because of its easilycontrollable features, and the high aspect ratio of the pores [7,8,9,10,11]. Despite this progress, SiNWs growth still lacks a good control and understanding of the mechanisms that rule their formation [5,12,13,14], especially in such a very particular case where a confined growth occurs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of organized silicon nanowires growth inside porous anodic alumina template using hot wire chemical vapor deposition process

Lefeuvre

Kim

et al. 2011

Thin Solid Films

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A Hot Wire assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (HW-CVD) process has been developed for producing high-density arrays of parallel, straight and organized silicon nano-wires (SiNWs) inside vertical Porous Anodic Alumina (PAA) templates, exploring temperatures ranging from 430°C to 600°C, and pressures varying between 2.5 and 7.5 mbar. In order to prevent parasitic amorphous silicon (a-Si) deposit and to promote the crystalline SiNWs growth, we used a tungsten hot wire to partially crack H 2 into atomic hydrogen, which acts like a selective etchant regarding a-Si. Here we describe the optimization route we followed to limit the deposit of a-Si onto the surface of the porous membrane and on the walls of the pores, which led to the possibility to grow SiNWs inside the PAA membranes. Such approach has high potentialities for devices realization, like PIN junctions, FETs or electrodes for Li-ion batteries.

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“…The processes are time consuming because of the complexities involved. [12,13] Thus a general and efficient method for the synthesis of metal nanotubes (with controlled length, diameter and wall thickness) still remains a challenge particularly in templates which allow synthesis of large ordered arrays. We present here a novel, versatile and general approach for preparing metal nanotube (MNT) arrays.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Such chemical modifications often add impurities to the nanotubes. [12,13] These methods are often specific for a particular kind of metal to be deposited and cannot be used for a variety of materials. Often it is also specific to an application.…”

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confidence: 99%

A Novel Method of Synthesis of Dense Arrays of Aligned Single Crystalline Copper Nanotubes Using Electrodeposition in the Presence of a Rotating Electric Field

Kamalakar

Raychaudhuri

2007

Advanced Materials

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The discovery of carbon nanotubes [1] in 1991 initiated the interest on tubular nanostructures because of their immense fundamental importance as well as their potential applications in the nanoscale devices, sensors, catalysis, thermal materials, structural composites, field emission, biomedicine and energy storage/conversion. [2][3][4][5][6][7] Porous membranes such as anodic alumina, polycarbonate membranes, block copolymers etc. have opened up the possibilities of the synthesis of arrays of ordered nanowires of a number of materials. Use of electrodeposition to synthesize ordered arrays of nanowires in such templates is well studied. However till date there are very few reports of the synthesis of arrays of metal nanotubes [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] using nanoporous templates.Most of the earlier work in this area involve chemical modification of the pore surface of porous templates to enhance the deposition of the metal on the pore walls. Such chemical modifications often add impurities to the nanotubes. [12,13] These methods are often specific for a particular kind of metal to be deposited and cannot be used for a variety of materials. Often it is also specific to an application. The processes are time consuming because of the complexities involved. [12,13] Thus a general and efficient method for the synthesis of metal nanotubes (with controlled length, diameter and wall thickness) still remains a challenge particularly in templates which allow synthesis of large ordered arrays. We present here a novel, versatile and general approach for preparing metal nanotube (MNT) arrays. The method uses a template like anodic alumina and has full control on length, diameter and wall thickness of the nanotube. The method is general enough and in principle, can be applied to prepare single metal nanotubes of all metals which can be deposited by electrodeposition technique. This method in principle can also be used to deposit nanotubes of many semiconductors which can be prepared by electrodeposition.The method of synthesis of metal nanotube arrays described here exploits the basic principle of electrodeposition in a rotating electric field, which we believe has never been utilized in such synthesis using electrodeposition. The novelty of this method lies in its generality, simplicity and efficiency. As a generic example, we report the synthesis of single crystalline copper nanotube arrays by electrodepositing copper into the pores of porous anodic alumina template in the presence of a lateral rotating electric field which is applied in addition to the longitudinal d.c electrodeposition current. The applied rotating field as our simulation shows (described later on) makes the ions graze the surface of the pores in helical paths and thus makes the deposition selectively occuring in the region near the wall of the nanopores.The single crystalline copper nanotube arrays are prepared by electrodeposition in nanoporous anodic alumina membranes placed in the plane of a rotating electric field. Two sinusoidal electric fields ...

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Uniform Metal Nanotube Arrays by Multistep Template Replication and Electrodeposition

Cited by 107 publications

References 27 publications

Editors' Choice—A Methodology to Electrochemically Fabricate Fe-Ni-Co Nanotips

Editors' Choice—A Methodology to Electrochemically Fabricate Fe-Ni-Co Nanotips

Optimization of organized silicon nanowires growth inside porous anodic alumina template using hot wire chemical vapor deposition process

A Novel Method of Synthesis of Dense Arrays of Aligned Single Crystalline Copper Nanotubes Using Electrodeposition in the Presence of a Rotating Electric Field

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