Unintended Consequences: Effects of Submarine Cable Deployment on Internet Routing

Fanou, Roderick; Huffaker, Bradley; Mok, Ricky K. P.; Claffy, Kimberly C.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44081-7_13

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Bishof et al [10] puts forward a research agenda focused on the criticality of the submarine cable network. Fanou et al [34] studied the impact of new submarine cable deployments in developing regions and the drop in latency to cross the Atlantic. Liu et al [59] found that submarine cable infrastructure enables fetching resources contained in most popular websites.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A hop away from everywhere: A view of the intercontinental long-haul infrastructure

Carisimo¹,

Weaver²,

Barford³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Over the past two decades, a desire to reduce transit cost, improve control over routing and performance, and enhance the quality of experience for users, has yielded a more densely connected, flat network with fewer hops between sources and destinations. The shortening of paths in terms of the number of hops or links has also meant, for what is at the end an infrastructure-bound network, the lengthening of many of these links. In this paper, we focus on an important aspect of the evolving logical connectivity of the Internet that has received little attention to date: intercontinental long-haul links. We develop a methodology and associated processing system for identifying long haul links in traceroute measurements. We apply this system to a large corpus of traceroute data and report on multiple aspects of long haul connectivity including country-level prevalence, routers as international gateways, preferred long-haul destinations, and the evolution of these characteristics over a 7 year period. We identify over 9K layer 3 links that satisfy our definition for intercontinental long haul with many of them terminating in a relatively small number of nodes. An analysis of connected components shows a clearly dominant one with a relative size that remains stable despite a significant growth of the long-haul infrastructure.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A hop away from everywhere: A view of the intercontinental long-haul infrastructure

Carisimo¹,

Weaver²,

Barford³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Submarine cables are known to be an important part of the global Internet infrastructure [18,33,48] and play a role in the top-5 ASes of most countries we study. (Nicaragua, Guatemala, and Guyana are the only three nations where none of the top-5 ASes are associated with the submarine cables landing in the country.)…”

Section: Submarine Cable Operatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying Nations Exposure to Traffic Observation and Selective Tampering

Gamero-Garrido¹,

Carisimo²,

Hao³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Almost all popular Internet services are hosted in a select set of countries, forcing other nations to rely on international connectivity to access them. We infer instances where traffic towards a large portion of a country is serviced by a small number of Autonomous Systems, and, therefore, may be exposed to observation or selective tampering. We introduce the Country-level Transit Influence (CTI) metric to quantify the significance of a given AS on the international transit service of a particular country. By studying the CTI values for the top ASes in each country, we find that 32 nations have transit ecosystems that render them particularly exposed, with traffic destined to over 40% of their IP addresses privy to a single AS. In the nations where we are able to validate our findings with in-country operators, we obtain 83% accuracy on average. In the countries we examine, CTI reveals two classes of networks that play a particularly prominent role: submarine cable operators and state-owned ASes.

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