Unintentional drug overdose death trends in New Mexico, USA, 1990–2005: combinations of heroin, cocaine, prescription opioids and alcohol

Shah, Nina; Lathrop, Sarah; Reichard, R. Ross; Landen, Michael

doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02054.x

Cited by 106 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Existing literature on such risk factors is mixed, with substantial international (Bargagli et al, 2006;Darke and Ross, 2002), and chorological differences (Ghodse et al, 1985;Shah et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Double trouble: Psychiatric comorbidity and opioid addiction—All-cause and cause-specific mortality

Bogdanowicz¹,

Stewart²,

Broadbent³

et al. 2015

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Double trouble: Psychiatric comorbidity and opioid addiction—All-cause and cause-specific mortality

Bogdanowicz¹,

Stewart²,

Broadbent³

et al. 2015

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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“…In the 1990s and 2000s, expansion of the treatment of acute and chronic pain with prescription opioids was associated with concomitant rise in diversion of prescription opioids to the illicit market, opioid use disorders, and opioid overdose deaths (Centers for Disease & Prevention, 2011; Modarai et al, 2013; Piercefield, Archer, Kemp, & Mallonee, 2010; Shah, Lathrop, Reichard, & Landen, 2008). As the connection between increased opioid prescribing and rising overdose deaths was recognized and efforts were made to limit opioid prescriptions, heroin use increased, likely to meet the rising demand for illicit opioids (Rudd, Aleshire, Zibbell, & Gladden, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Naloxone for heroin, prescription opioid, and illicitly made fentanyl overdoses: Challenges and innovations responding to a dynamic epidemic

Fairbairn

Coffin

Walley

2017

International Journal of Drug Policy

251

192

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Community-based overdose prevention programs first emerged in the 1990's and are now the leading public health intervention for overdose. Key elements of these programs are overdose education and naloxone distribution to people who use opioids and their social networks. We review the evolution of naloxone programming through the heroin overdose era of the 1990's, the prescription opioid era of the 2000's, and the current overdose crisis stemming from the synthetic opioid era of illicitly manufactured fentanyl and its analogues in the 2010's. We present current challenges arising in this new era of synthetic opioids, including variable potency of illicit drugs due to erratic adulteration of the drug supply with synthetic opioids, potentially changing efficacy of standard naloxone formulations for overdose rescue, potentially shorter overdose response time, and reports of fentanyl exposure among people who use drugs but are opioid naïve. Future directions for adapting naloxone programming to the dynamic opioid epidemic are proposed, including scale-up to new venues and social networks, new standards for post-overdose care, expansion of supervised drug consumption services, and integration of novel technologies to detect overdose and deliver naloxone.

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“…5,6 Although there is a rich historical literature on the demographics and event-level characteristics of heroin overdose, 7,8 our understanding of recent trends of opioid overdose is limited and largely based on health system and non-urban regional analyses. [9][10][11][12][13][14] Prescription opioid overdose has been documented among rural and suburban non-Hispanic white men, [9][10][11][12][13][14][15] middle-aged females, 16,17 and those using psychotherapeutic drugs. 2,18 Patients in safety net healthcare systems, including the Veterans Administration 19 and Medicaid, 20 are more likely to die of prescription opioid overdose compared to the general population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opioid Overdose Deaths in the City and County of San Francisco: Prevalence, Distribution, and Disparities

et al. 2015

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Drug overdose is now the leading cause of unintentional death nationwide, driven by increased prescription opioid overdoses. To better understand urban opioid overdose deaths, this paper examines geographic, demographic, and clinical differences between heroin-related decedents and prescription opioid decedents in San Francisco from 2010 to 2012. During this time period, 331 individuals died from accidental overdose caused by opioids (310 involving prescription opioids and 31 involving heroin). Deaths most commonly involved methadone (45.9 %), morphine (26.9 %), and oxycodone (21.8 %). Most deaths also involved other substances (74.9 %), most commonly cocaine (35.3 %), benzodiazepines (27.5 %), antidepressants (22.7 %), and alcohol (19.6 %). Deaths were concentrated in a small, high-poverty, central area of San Francisco and disproportionately affected African-American individuals. Decedents in high-poverty areas were significantly more likely to die from methadone and cocaine, whereas individuals from more affluent areas were more likely die from oxycodone and benzodiazepines. Heroin decedents were more likely to be within a younger age demographic, die in public spaces, and have illicit substances rather than other prescription opioids. Overall, heroin overdose death, previously common in San Francisco, is now rare. Prescription opioid overdose has emerged as a significant concern, particularly among individuals in high-poverty areas. Deaths in poor and affluent regions involve different causative opioids and co-occurring substances.

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Unintentional drug overdose death trends in New Mexico, USA, 1990–2005: combinations of heroin, cocaine, prescription opioids and alcohol

Abstract: Interventions to prevent drug overdose death should be targeted according to use patterns among at-risk subpopulations. A comprehensive approach addressing both illicit and prescription drug users, and people who use these drugs concurrently, is needed to reduce overdose death.

Cited by 106 publications

References 44 publications

Double trouble: Psychiatric comorbidity and opioid addiction—All-cause and cause-specific mortality

Double trouble: Psychiatric comorbidity and opioid addiction—All-cause and cause-specific mortality

Naloxone for heroin, prescription opioid, and illicitly made fentanyl overdoses: Challenges and innovations responding to a dynamic epidemic

Opioid Overdose Deaths in the City and County of San Francisco: Prevalence, Distribution, and Disparities

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