Unique and Overlapping Expression Patterns among the Arabidopsis 1-Amino-Cyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Synthase Gene Family Members

Abstract

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway in plants. The Arabidopsis genome encodes nine ACS polypeptides that form eight functional (ACS2, ACS4-9, and ACS11) homodimers and one nonfunctional (ACS1) homodimer. Transgenic Arabidopsis lines were constructed expressing the b-glucuronidase (GUS) and green fluorescence protein (GFP) reporter genes from the promoter of each of the gene family members to determine their patterns of expression during plant development. All genes, except ACS9, are expressed in 5-d-old etiolated or light-grown seedlings yielding distinct patterns of GUS staining. ACS9 expression is detected later in development. Unique and overlapping expression patterns were detected for all the family members in various organs of adult plants. ACS11 is uniquely expressed in the trichomes of sepals and ACS1 in the replum. Overlapping expression was observed in hypocotyl, roots, various parts of the flower (sepals, pedicle, style, etc.) and in the stigmatic and abscission zones of the silique. Exogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) enhances the constitutive expression of ACS2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 11 in the root. Wounding of hypocotyl tissue inhibits the constitutive expression of ACS1 and ACS5 and induces the expression of ACS2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 11. Inducers of ethylene production such as cold, heat, anaerobiosis, and Li 1 ions enhance or suppress the expression of various members of the gene family in the root of light-grown seedlings. Examination of GUS expression in transverse sections of cotyledons reveals that all ACS genes, except ACS9, are expressed in the epidermis cell layer, guard cells, and vascular tissue. Similar analysis with root tip tissue treated with IAA reveals unique and overlapping expression patterns in the various cell types of the lateral root cap, cell division, and cell expansion zones. IAA inducibility is gene-specific and cell type-dependent across the root tip zone. This limited comparative exploration of ACS gene family expression reveals constitutive spatial and temporal expression patterns of all gene family members throughout the growth period examined. The unique and overlapping gene activity pattern detected reveals a combinatorial code of spatio-temporal coexpression among the various gene family members during plant development. This raises the prospect that functional ACS heterodimers may be formed in planta.

Arabidopsis Defense against Botrytis cinerea: Chronology and Regulation Deciphered by High-Resolution Temporal Transcriptomic Analysis

“…At 14 HAI, two genes encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthases (ACS2 and ACS6), enzymes catalyzing the first and rate-limiting step in ET biosynthesis, are upregulated. ACS2 and ACS6 proteins are known to be responsible for the majority of B. cinerea-induced ET production and are phosphorylated and stabilized by MPK3/6 (Han et al, 2010); however, genes encoding ACS enzymes are also known to be transcriptionally activated (Tsuchisaka and Theologis, 2004). Analysis of an acs2 acs6 double mutant suggests that another ACS protein is also involved in ET production in response to B. cinerea infection (Han et al, 2010).…”

Spatially selective hormonal control of RAP2.6L and ANAC071 transcription factors involved in tissue reunion in Arabidopsis

“…S5A). ACS2 is one of the ACC synthases encoded by a multigene family in many plant species and produced in response to various environmental stimuli (25). Decapitation suppressed ACS2 transcript expression, although such suppression was not restored by exogenous IAA (Fig.…”

Transcription Analysis of Arabidopsis Membrane Transporters and Hormone Pathways during Developmental and Induced Leaf Senescence

“…The 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthases (AtACS) catalyze the rate-limiting step in the ETbiosynthesis pathway. Arabidopsis encodes nine ACS proteins, of which eight form functional homodimers, that underly a complex spatial and temporal regulation (Tsuchisaka and Theologis, 2004). Only three of the functional ACC synthases (AtACS2, AtACS5, and AtACS6) are significantly expressed and up-regulated during NS (Supplemental Fig.…”