Unique Tropism and Entry Mechanism of Mumps Virus

Abstract

Mumps virus (MuV) is an important human pathogen that causes parotitis, orchitis, oophoritis, meningitis, encephalitis, and sensorineural hearing loss. Although mumps is a vaccine-preventable disease, sporadic outbreaks have occurred worldwide, even in highly vaccinated populations. MuV not only causes systemic infection but also has a unique tropism to glandular tissues and the central nervous system. In general, tropism can be defined by multiple factors in the viral life cycle, including its entry, interaction with host factors, and host-cell immune responses. Although the underlying mechanisms of MuV tropism remain to be fully understood, recent studies on virus–host interactions have provided insights into viral pathogenesis. This review was aimed at summarizing the entry process of MuV by focusing on the glycan receptors, particularly the recently identified receptors with a trisaccharide core motif, and their interactions with the viral attachment proteins. Here, we describe the receptor structures, their distribution in the human body, and the recently identified host factors for MuV and analyze their relationship with MuV tropism.

Evaluation of the Interactions between Mumps Virus and Guinea Pig

“…Since it was shown that a trisaccharide containing α2,3-linked sialic acid at the cell surface acts as a receptor for MuV ( 2 , 3 ), the expression of SAs at the surface of guinea pig primary cell cultures from brain, testicles, lung, and kidney was measured. SAs were released by treatment with α2,3-sialidase (removes α2,3-sialyl groups) and Arthrobacter ureafaciens sialidase (removes the following sialyl groups at rate α2,6→α2,3→α2,8-linkage).…”

“…Mumps orthorubulavirus (MuV) belongs to the genus Orthorubulavirus of the family Paramyxoviridae , which includes enveloped, nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA viruses ( 1 ). Two MuV envelope glycoproteins, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) protein, are involved in receptor binding and mediate membrane fusion with target cells ( 2 , 3 ). HN specifically recognizes sialic acid (SA)-containing glycoconjugate structures present on the host cells, preferring unbranched α2,3-sialylated glycans, which therefore play a key role in virus entry into host cells and infectivity ( 4 ).…”

Vaccinomics and adversomics: key elements for a personalized vaccinology

“…Measles is still responsible for more than 100,000 deaths each year due to complications that can occur following infection, such as pneumonia and encephalitis [ 34 ]. Mumps affects at least 500,000 people each year [ 35 ] while the World Health Organization estimates that around 100,000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome occur every year [ 36 ]. An effective and safe vaccine against these three viral diseases is available.…”

Molecular docking study of Zingiber officinale Roscoe compounds as a mumps virus nucleoprotein inhibitor

“…The role of the L protein in this complex is to trigger the RNA synthesis process, which consists of initiation, elongation, and termination. 8 The NP protein in MuV plays a role in the formation of the vRNA complex to avoid degradation and initiate the replication process. Inhibition of the NP protein's activity will disturb the initiation of the replication process by increasing the degradation of vRNA in MuV.…”