Unitary step of gliding machinery in
            <i>Mycoplasma mobile</i>

Kinosita, Yoshiaki; Nakane, Daisuke; Sugawa, Mitsuhiro; Masaike, Tomoko; Mizutani, Kana; Miyata, Makoto; Nishizaka, Takayuki

doi:10.1073/pnas.1310355111

Cited by 45 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In previous studies, the addition of free SL decreased the number of legs binding to the SOs on glass and enabled the observation of cell pivoting (23) and stepwise cell displacements (24). In the present study, we found that 70% and 30% of cells glided to the left and the right, respectively, in the presence of 250 M SL (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…However, if the number of working legs is decreased, it may be possible to detect the propulsion force generated by a single unit (24,34). Previous studies showed that the number of working legs can be decreased by adding free SOs (21)(22)(23)(24). We therefore added various concentrations of free sialyllactose (SL), an SO, to gliding M. mobile cells and analyzed their gliding ( a lower frequency (Fig.…”

Section: Gliding Directionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Next, we measured the gliding direction of a gliding "ghost," a model cell system in which cells were permeabilized by Triton X-100 and reactivated by the addition of ATP (24,25). The averaged gliding directions of the gliding ghosts were measured and plotted (Fig.…”

Section: Gliding Directionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The outline of this putative mechanism may also be applicable to M. pneumoniae (22,32), although the protein responsible for binding, P1 adhesin, does not share features with Gli349 in terms of its amino acid sequence or molecular shape (33). In previous studies, the gliding behaviors of M. mobile, including speed, force, and pivoting, and the influences of inhibitory factors have been examined in detail, and collectively, these studies have provided clues to the machinery and the mechanism of gliding (10,20,22,24,34). M. mobile cells appear to consistently glide along curved paths in the direction of the protrusion, but the gliding direction has not been analyzed in detail.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The legs are composed of a 349-kDa protein, Gli349, and likely bind and pull the sialylated oligosaccharides (SOs) on host surfaces (21)(22)(23) by using the energy of ATP hydrolysis (Fig. 1B) (24)(25)(26). SOs are the major structures on the surface of animal cells and are conjugated to proteins and lipids (22,23).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Gliding Direction of Mycoplasma mobile

2016

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Mycoplasma mobile glides in the direction of its cell pole by a unique mechanism in which hundreds of legs, each protruding from its own gliding unit, catch, pull, and release sialylated oligosaccharides fixed on a solid surface. In this study, we found that 77% of cells glided to the left with a change in direction of 8.4°؎ 17.6°m؊1 displacement. The cell body did not roll around the cell axis, and elongated, thinner cells also glided while tracing a curved trajectory to the left. Under viscous conditions, the range of deviation of the gliding direction decreased. In the presence of 250 M free sialyllactose, in which the binding of the legs (i.e., the catching of sialylated oligosaccharides) was reduced, 70% and 30% of cells glided to the left and the right, respectively, with changes in direction of ϳ30°m ؊1 . The gliding ghosts, in which a cell was permeabilized by Triton X-100 and reactivated by ATP, glided more straightly. These results can be explained by the following assumptions based on the suggested gliding machinery and mechanism: (i) the units of gliding machinery may be aligned helically around the cell, (ii) the legs extend via the process of thermal fluctuation and catch the sialylated oligosaccharides, and (iii) the legs generate a propulsion force that is tilted from the cell axis to the left in 70% and to the right in 30% of cells. IMPORTANCEMycoplasmas are bacteria that are generally parasitic to animals and plants. Some Mycoplasma species form a protrusion at a pole, bind to solid surfaces, and glide. Although these species appear to consistently glide in the direction of the protrusion, their exact gliding direction has not been examined. This study analyzed the gliding direction in detail under various conditions and, based on the results, suggested features of the machinery and the mechanism of gliding. Mycoplasmas are parasitic and occasionally commensal bacteria that have small genomes and lack a peptidoglycan layer (1, 2). Several Mycoplasma species form membrane protrusions, such as the head-like structure in Mycoplasma mobile (3, 4) and the attachment organelle in the human pathogen Mycoplasma pneumoniae (3-6). On solid surfaces, these species exhibit gliding motility in the direction of the protrusion, and this motility appears to be involved in the parasitism of mycoplasmas. Interestingly, mycoplasmas have no flagella or pili, and their genomes contain no genes related to known bacterial motility. In addition, no homologs of motor proteins that are common in eukaryotic motility have been found (7,8).M. mobile, isolated from the gills of a freshwater fish, is a fastgliding mycoplasma. It glides smoothly and continuously on glass at an average speed of 2.0 to 4.5 m s Ϫ1 , or 3 to 7 times the length of the cell per second, exerting a force of up to 27 pN (9-12). The gliding machinery formed at the base of the membrane protrusion can be divided into internal and surface structures. The internal, "jellyfish" structure is composed of ϳ10 proteins (13,14). The surface structure is ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Gliding Directionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gliding Directionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gliding Direction of Mycoplasma mobile

2016

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Detection of Steps and Rotation in the Gliding Motility of Mycoplasma mobile

Kinosita

Sugawa

Miyata

et al. 2023

Methods in Molecular Biology

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Insights into the mechanism of ATP-driven rotary motors from direct torque measurement

2019

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Motor proteins are molecular machines that convert chemical energy into mechanical work. In addition to existing studies performed on the linear motors found in eukaryotic cells, researchers in biophysics have also focused on rotary motors such as F 1-ATPase. Detailed studies on the rotary F 1-ATPase motor have correlated all chemical states to specific mechanical events at the single-molecule level. Recent studies showed that there exists another ATP-driven protein motor in life: the rotary machinery that rotates archaeal flagella (archaella). Rotation speed, stepwise movement, and variable directionality of the motor of Halobacterium salinarum were described in previous studies. Here we review recent experimental work discerning the molecular mechanism underlying how the archaellar motor protein FlaI drives rotation by generation of motor torque. In combination, those studies found that rotation slows as the viscous drag of markers increases, but torque remains constant at 160 pN•nm independent of rotation speed. Unexpectedly, the estimated work done in a single rotation is twice the expected energy that would come from hydrolysis of six ATP molecules in the FlaI hexamer. To reconcile the apparent contradiction, a new and general model for the mechanism of ATP-driven rotary motors is discussed.

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Unitary step of gliding machinery in Mycoplasma mobile

Cited by 45 publications

References 36 publications

Gliding Direction of Mycoplasma mobile

Gliding Direction of Mycoplasma mobile

Detection of Steps and Rotation in the Gliding Motility of Mycoplasma mobile

Insights into the mechanism of ATP-driven rotary motors from direct torque measurement

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