United States Pharmacopeia comprehensive safety review of Styphnolobium japonicum flower and flower bud

Abstract

The dried flower and flower bud of Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott (Japanese Sophora flower and Japanese Sophora flower bud, respectively) have long been used as herbal medicines in Asia. Today, they are marketed as dietary supplements in the United States for their anti‐oxidative properties and as a source of flavonoids, including rutin and quercetin. This review focused on the safety of S. japonicum flower and flower bud as dietary supplement ingredients. No serious adverse events or toxicity were reported in the clinical or experimental animal studies we reviewed. Although some studies indicated that rutin or quercetin may have potential for drug interactions, none were identified for S. japonicum flower or flower bud. S. japonicum flower and flower bud are not known to have been associated with serious health risks when appropriately consumed in dietary supplements and have been admitted to the U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention monograph development process. However, pregnant and breastfeeding women should seek the advice of a healthcare professional because no data are available on their use by these special populations.

Full-Length Transcriptome Sequencing and Comparative Transcriptomic Analyses Provide Comprehensive Insight into Molecular Mechanisms of Flavonoid Metabolites Biosynthesis in Styphnolobium japonicum

“…The flowers and flower buds of S. japonicum have been recognized for their rich flavonoid content and medicinal properties in Asia, particularly for their antioxidative properties [ 31 ]. These attributes, coupled with the diverse secondary metabolites present, have positioned S. japonicum flowers as economically significant crops in various regions of China [ 32 , 33 ].…”

An Analysis of the Potential Regulatory Mechanisms of Sophora Flower Development and Nutritional Component Formation Using RNA Sequencing

“…According to different flowering stages, it can be divided into Huairui (mature flower) and Huaimi (flower bud). Huaimi is a rich and important source of rutin and is easy to extract [14,15,20]. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that the active ingredients of Huaimi extract have a wide range of pharmacological effects, such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, and antitumor [4][5][6][7].…”

“…Phenylpropanoids play an important role in adaptation, including flavonoids and lignins, which are used in the development, growth, and reproduction of plants [20,21].…”

Steaming and vacuum drying preserve active components, sensory and antioxidant properties of Flos Sophorae

“…It contains large amounts of flavonoids such as rutin, quercetin, and kaempferol (Pi et al, 2018), which have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-cancer, hemostatic, and antihypertensive properties (Gong et al, 2021). Furthermore, FS was used as a potential natural antioxidant in Chinese sausages and marketed as a dietary supplement in the United States due to its anti-oxidative properties (Fan et al, 2020;Tang et al, 2019;Madden et al, 2022).…”