Universal and Ultrafast Quantum Computation Based on Free-Electron-Polariton Blockade

Abstract

Cavity QED, wherein a quantum emitter is coupled to electromagnetic cavity modes, is a powerful platform for implementing quantum sensors, memories, and networks. However, due to the fundamental trade-off between gate fidelity and execution time, as well as limited scalability, the use of cavity QED for quantum computation was overtaken by other architectures. Here, we introduce a new element into cavity QED—a free charged particle, acting as a flying qubit. Using free electrons as a specific example, we demonstrate that our approach enables ultrafast, deterministic, and universal discrete-variable quantum computation in a cavity-QED-based architecture, with potentially improved scalability. Our proposal hinges on a novel excitation blockade mechanism in a resonant interaction between a free-electron and a cavity polariton. This nonlinear interaction is faster by several orders of magnitude with respect to current photon-based cavity-QED gates, enjoys wide tunability and can demonstrate fidelities close to unity. Furthermore, our scheme is ubiquitous to any cavity nonlinearity, either due to light-matter coupling as in the Jaynes-Cummings model or due to photon-photon interactions as in a Kerr-type many-body system. In addition to promising advancements in cavity-QED quantum computation, our approach paves the way towards ultrafast and deterministic generation of highly entangled photonic graph states and is applicable to other quantum technologies involving cavity QED. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Strong Coupling and Single-Photon Nonlinearity in Free-Electron Quantum Optics

“…2,3,5,6,18−22 Specifically, measurement of free electrons' energy can be used for the heralded generation of quantum light, such as Fock states, 1,4,8,10,23−25 squeezed states 26 and even cat and GKP states. 9 More recently, it was predicted that free electrons could serve as ancillary qubits for quantum computation 15,16 and provide a platform for nonlinear electron dynamics 27,28 and deterministic single-photon nonlinearities 11,29,30 emerging from quantum recoil. 31,32 Owing to the nature of free-electron emitters, the anticipated single photon nonlinearity can span a vast spectral range 33,34 and operate on femtosecond-temporal and subwavelength-spatial resolution, 35−37 allowing new paradigms in quantum optical technologies.…”

“…The study of interactions between flying free electrons and quantized systems, such as electromagnetic fields or bound electrons, has led to the emerging field of free-electron quantum optics . − Free-electron quantum optics provides a promising platform for the generation of nonclassical light, ,,,− quantum information processing, − and quantum sensing. ,,,,− Specifically, measurement of free electrons’ energy can be used for the heralded generation of quantum light, such as Fock states, ,,,,− squeezed states and even cat and GKP states . More recently, it was predicted that free electrons could serve as ancillary qubits for quantum computation , and provide a platform for nonlinear electron dynamics , and deterministic single-photon nonlinearities ,, emerging from quantum recoil. , Owing to the nature of free-electron emitters, the anticipated single photon nonlinearity can span a vast spectral range , and operate on femtosecond-temporal and subwavelength-spatial resolution, − allowing new paradigms in quantum optical technologies.…”