Universal circulating impregnation method for the fabrication of durable flame-retardant plywood with low hygroscopicity and leaching resistance

Lu, Jinhan; Huang, Yuxiang; Jiang, Peng; Chen, Zhilin; Bourbigot, Serge; Fontaine, Gaëlle; Chen, Liang; Zhang, Longfei; Pan, Fangya

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109799

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…When comparing the peak heat release rate with those described in other literature on flame-retardant plywood [43][44][45][46][47], the results indicate that the majority of adhesives used in the literature were formaldehyde-based, which are not environmentally friendly. As depicted in Figure 6, the UCPR-LDH plywood developed in this study not only exhibits superior thermal barrier performance but also ensures formaldehyde-free emissions while being flame-retardant.…”

Section: Cone Calorimetrymentioning

confidence: 85%

Preparation of Organic-Inorganic Phosphorus-Nitrogen-Based Flame Retardants and Their Application to Plywood

Deng

Zhu

et al. 2023

Polymers

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The combustibility of wood can be improved by physical and chemical means, thus expanding the use of wood products. In this study, two novel phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardants (UCPR and MCPR) were developed, and the intercalated modified layered double hydroxides (LDH) thereof were designated as UCPR-LDH and MCPR-LDH. By impregnating poplar veneer with UCPR-LDH and MCPR-LDH solutions, the study investigated the effects of different concentrations (1%, 5%, 10%), processes (vacuum-pressure impregnation, room temperature impregnation, normal-pressure impregnation), and impregnation times (2 h, 3 h, 24 h, 48 h) on the weight-gain rate of veneer. The optimal process was then selected for preparing formaldehyde-free three-layer plywood. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) were used to characterize the UCPR and MCPR. Meanwhile, gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) demonstrated that the molecular weight of the synthesized flame retardants increased as their molecular distribution became more uniform. The impregnation process was performed at normal temperature and pressure for 48 h at a 5% flame retardant concentration. Results from cone calorimetry indicate that the UCPR-LDH plywood exhibits a peak heat release rate that is 30.43% lower than that of the control group, demonstrating superior thermal barrier performance. The smoke emission of the MCPR-LDH plywood was reduced by 33.62% compared to the control group, indicating superior smoke suppression performance. This method presents a viable approach for synthesizing organic-inorganic flame retardants.

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Section: Cone Calorimetrymentioning

confidence: 85%

Preparation of Organic-Inorganic Phosphorus-Nitrogen-Based Flame Retardants and Their Application to Plywood

Deng

Zhu

et al. 2023

Polymers

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“…In addition, boron compounds were also applied in preparing fire-retardant plywood [9,10]. Though these nitrogen, phosphorus, and boron-based compounds had the disadvantages of hygroscopicity and poor water resistance, which could leach out [11][12][13] and damage the bonding strength of the plywood [14,15], the excellent fireproof properties of these fire retardants still make them the most commonly used flame retardants for plywood by impregnating modification.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Resistance and Bonding Performance of Plywood Fabricated by Guanidine Phosphate-Impregnated Veneers

Yan

Wang

Shen

et al. 2023

Forests

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In this study, fire-retardant plywood was fabricated using a simple guanidine phosphate (GP) impregnation treatment of the veneers, and the influence of the treatment on the flame resistance and bonding strength of the plywood was fully investigated. The results showed that GP modification could effectively endow the plywood with excellent fire resistance and smoke-suppression effect. When 10% GP solution was applied, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the impregnated wood was up to 37%, which was almost twice of unmodified plywood. The heat-release rate (HRR) and total smoke production (TSP) were also greatly decreased from the pristine 94.14 MJ/m2 and 0.77 m2 to that of modified 43.94 MJ/m2 and 0.08 m2, respectively. The excellent fireproof performance was mainly due to the thermal decomposition of GP to phosphoric acid and guanidine during combustion, which could promote the catalytic carbonization of wood and release of incombustible CO2 and NH3 to dilute and decrease the combustible gases, thus collectively preventing the wood form burning. However, the guanidine phosphate modification could seriously damage the bond performance of plywood, especially the UF resin adhesive-bonded plywood. When 10% guanidine phosphate was applied, the dry and wet bonding strength of the UF resin adhesive-bonded plywood were decreased to only 0.7 MPa and 0.12 MPa, respectively, which may be due to the blocking effect of GP in wood pores and the hygroscopic and soluble properties of GP itself in water, thus decreasing the effective bonding between wood veneers. What’s worse, the poor water resistance of the UF resin adhesive was also adverse to the bonding strength of plywood. Surprisingly, the PF resin adhesive was proved to be suitable for gluing the GP-modified wood without obviously decreasing the bonding strength, which could be used to prepare plywood with both high bonding strength and flame resistance.

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“…The mode of action of such intumescent VAE polymer was initiated by the emission of polyphosphoric acids at the temperature around 200°C, 15–17 and the VAE chains started to decompose until being heated exceeding 240°C, 18–20 thus, the intumescent additive inside typically began to degrade earlier than decomposition of the VAE matrix. The polyphosphoric acids emitted then reacted with the phenolic hydroxyl groups in sodium lignosulfonate (SL) to form a phosphor‐carbonaceous layer at the exterior through dehydrating 21,22 . After forming such phosphorus‐carbonaceous layer, main low‐flammability gasses (i.e., CO 2 and NH 3 ) were released owing to the decomposition of MEL amino trimethyl phosphate (M‐AT) at the temperature around 330°C, 23–25 as a result, the char layer began to expand, a stable, bubble‐shaped and low‐thermal‐conductivity phosphorus‐carbonaceous layer on the surface of VAE polymer was finally created 26 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The polyphosphoric acids emitted then reacted with the phenolic hydroxyl groups in sodium lignosulfonate (SL) to form a phosphor-carbonaceous layer at the exterior through dehydrating. 21,22 After forming such phosphorus-carbonaceous layer, main low-flammability gasses (i.e., CO 2 and NH 3 ) were released owing to the decomposition of MEL amino trimethyl phosphate (M-AT) at the temperature around 330 C, [23][24][25] as a result, the char layer began to expand, a stable, bubble-shaped and lowthermal-conductivity phosphorus-carbonaceous layer on the surface of VAE polymer was finally created. 26 Consequently, an imperative investigation pertained to the optimal mass ratio of M-AT to sodium lignosulfonate (SL) within intumescent VAE polymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combustion behavior, mechanical performance and application for vinyl acetate–ethylene copolymer emulsion containing melamine amino trimethyl phosphate and sodium lignosulfonate

Lu,

Sun,

Fontaine

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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An intumescent‐flame‐retardant vinyl acetate–ethylene copolymer (IFR/VAE) compound has been prepared by blending with a complex of melamine amino trimethyl phosphate (M‐AT) and sodium lignosulfonate (SL). Then, this obtained IFR/VAE polymer was applied as adhesives for producing the flame‐retardant plywood. The IFR VAE sample (VAE/M‐AT3/SL1) with a mass ratio 3:1 (M‐AT to SL) showed an enhanced amount of char residue, limiting oxygen index (LOI) value and tensile strength value to 20.6 wt%, 32 vol% and 19.3 MPa, which have been increased by 796%, 600%, and 56% compared to that of neat VAE. The cone calorimeter result showed that the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) of VAE/M‐AT3/SL1 sample was reduced by 48% compared to the control one. Additionally, the second peak of HRR of sample IFRPW/15 L/15 (containing 15 wt% M‐AT3/SL1 in the plywood adhesive layer) presented a reduction of 29% compared to that of the sample PW/15 L (neat plywood). It is assigned to the formation of phospho‐carbonaceous structure during combustion, thus the flame‐retardancy of plywood has been greatly enhanced. Thus, this work provides an economical and applicable fire‐retardant VAE adhesive formula for producing plywood materials with good performances.

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Universal circulating impregnation method for the fabrication of durable flame-retardant plywood with low hygroscopicity and leaching resistance

Cited by 14 publications

References 33 publications

Preparation of Organic-Inorganic Phosphorus-Nitrogen-Based Flame Retardants and Their Application to Plywood

Preparation of Organic-Inorganic Phosphorus-Nitrogen-Based Flame Retardants and Their Application to Plywood

Flame Resistance and Bonding Performance of Plywood Fabricated by Guanidine Phosphate-Impregnated Veneers

Combustion behavior, mechanical performance and application for vinyl acetate–ethylene copolymer emulsion containing melamine amino trimethyl phosphate and sodium lignosulfonate

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