Universal Path Gain Laws for Common Wireless Communication Environments

Abstract

Simple and accurate expressions for path gain are derived from electromagnetic fundamentals in a wide variety of common environments, including Line-of-Sight (LOS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) indoor urban canyons, urban/rural macro, outdoor-indoor and suburban streets with vegetation. Penetration into a scattering region, sometimes aided by guiding, is the "universal" phenomenon shared by the diverse morphologies. Root Mean Square (RMS) errors against extensive measurements are under 5 dB, better than 3GPP models by 1-12 dB RMS, depending on environment. In urban canyons the models have 4.7 dB RMS error, as compared to 7.9 dB from linear fit to data and 13.9/17.2 dB from LOS/NLOS 3GPP models. The theoretical path gains depend on distance as a power law with exponents from a small set {1.5, 2, 2.5, 4}, specific to each morphology. This provides a theoretical justification for widely used power law empirical models. Only coarse environmental data is needed as parameters: street width, building height, vegetation depth, wall material and antenna heights.Index terms-indoor propagation, mm wave propagation, outdoor-indoor, propagation loss, suburban, urban.

Outdoor-to-Indoor 28 GHz Wireless Measurements in Manhattan: Path Loss, Environmental Effects, and 90% Coverage

“…The fitted models for the measurements with the Tx located in the parking lot in Figure 10(b) show a high degree of similarity, with similar fitted slopes close to 𝑛 = 4, in line with the theoretical model developed in [41] for outdoor-to-indoor propagation at oblique incidence angles. The measured path gain values from different classrooms are largely overlapping, with no clear dependence on the particular classroom, which is an understandable result given the uniformity of the five classrooms considered.…”

“…Indoor locations far from a window typically have several candidate propagation paths [42]. In the case of these hallway measurements, we consider two likely methods [41]: (i) via the room most normal to the Tx, and (ii) via the room closest to the location of the Rx. We study the propagation mechanism by investigating the angular spectra S (𝑑, 𝜙) measured at several Tx-Rx links.…”

Measured and Modeled Outdoor Indoor Coverage at 28 GHz into High Thermal Efficiency Buildings

“…2 for two illustrative data subsets, with run-to-run spread exceeding 12 dB. The measurements are compared against an enhancement of the model [7] and a 3GPP model. Up to three paths (Fig.…”

“…3) are considered: direct illumination of 2 walls visible from base and a reflection from another building. Path gain for each is taken as (63) in [7].…”

“…s dr , with standoff distance ds and range r (63) of [7]. Teff = 2.5x10 -5 (-46 dB) was estimated from separate short range window transmission measurements, with windows occupying 30% of wall area.…”