Universal Pensions for Developing Countries

Willmore, Larry

doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.09.008

Cited by 120 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Different modes of the pension system in each country determine different replacement rates and contribution rates [14][15][16]. In 1997, when China established a pension scheme for urban workers, the expected replacement rate was 58.5 percent, whereas the contribution rate was 20 percent.…”

Section: Determination Of Reasonable Intervals For the Replacement Ramentioning

confidence: 99%

Reforming China’s Pension Scheme for Urban Workers: Liquidity Gap and Policies’ Effects Forecasting

et al. 2015

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This study forecasts the liquidity gap in China's pension scheme for urban workers in the context of an ageing population and the possible effects of recent governmental policies by constructing a basic pension model, including "old people", "middle people" and "new people" and a simulation method. We find, firstly, that China's liquidity gap of pension will reach its peak of approximately 13.11 trillion yuan in 2038. Subsequently, this gap will gradually decrease with growth in the mortality rate. Secondly, reasonable intervals for the replacement and contribution rates should be set at [0.417, 0.604] and [0.189, 0.262], respectively, to sustain China's pension system. Thirdly, compared to increasing fiscal subsidies, an income doubling plan, raising the contribution rate, lowering the replacement rate and delaying the retirement age can significantly reduce the liquidity gap, although the policy costs are relatively high. A policy permitting families to have two children will increase the rate of reduction of the liquidity gap, but it cannot effectively narrow the gap at the peak moment.

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Section: Determination Of Reasonable Intervals For the Replacement Ramentioning

confidence: 99%

Reforming China’s Pension Scheme for Urban Workers: Liquidity Gap and Policies’ Effects Forecasting

et al. 2015

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“…Third, social assistance programmes are also common to many MDCs, and their introduction seems to have responded more to a social agenda (Willmore 2007) than to mineral revenue availability. In some cases, for example, Bolivia and Nigeria, an additional inflow of revenue (whether from the mineral sectors as in Nigeria or from privatization revenues in the 1990s and more recently, from re-nationalization and new taxes levied on the hydrocarbon industry as in Bolivia) has helped the implementation of the respective government's social programmes.…”

Section: Social Policy Initiatives In Mdcsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Policy and State Revenues in Mineral-Rich Contexts

Hinojosa¹,

Bebbington²,

Barrientos³

2012

Mineral Rents and the Financing of Social Policy

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“…It should be acknowledged, however, that the achieved coverage of existing UCP arrangements in low income countries is uneven, ranging from 77 percent in Nepal to a recorded 105 percent in Bolivia [23]. Above all, the evidence suggests that their capacity to address unmet need satisfactorily is variable.…”

Section: Programme Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Above all, the evidence suggests that their capacity to address unmet need satisfactorily is variable. According to Willmore's recent study [23], none of these first pillar pension arrangements could be described as "generous", but entitlements in Mauritius and Namibia-currently 16 percent of per capita GDP-are sufficient "to ensure that few experience extreme poverty or deprivation in old age". In contrast, entitlements under the first pillar in Nepal and Mexico Cityapproximately 10 percent of per capita GDP-"are clearly inadequate" (p. 11).…”

Section: Programme Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Capacity of Pension Institutions to Promote Distributive Justice: A “Liberal” Conceptual Framework

Mark¹,

Dixon²,

Drover³

2009

TOSSCIJ

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Much of the literature regarding distributive justice and pensions has focussed disproportionately on the material preconditions for social solidarity, particularly statutory measures that would narrow the scope of differentials in the distribution of income and wealth. While we are sympathetic towards this emphasis, we contend that justice is comprised of a range of distinctive normative principles. Drawing upon an appraisal of the principal arguments of two highly influential public philosophies, this article develops a "liberal" conceptual framework which specifies the normative foundations of appropriate pension scheme design. The core principles of justice are need, which legitimates the social minimum that is necessary to sustain an adequate standard of living for the least advantaged; desert, which provides a justification for allocating income in accordance with differentials in work participation prior to retirement; and equality, which provides a normative rationale for universal citizenship entitlements. Their corresponding programme design features may be used to assess, empirically, the degree to which the design of pension institutions is consistent with the requirements of distributive justice.

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Universal Pensions for Developing Countries

Cited by 120 publications

References 19 publications

Reforming China’s Pension Scheme for Urban Workers: Liquidity Gap and Policies’ Effects Forecasting

Reforming China’s Pension Scheme for Urban Workers: Liquidity Gap and Policies’ Effects Forecasting

Social Policy and State Revenues in Mineral-Rich Contexts

Assessing the Capacity of Pension Institutions to Promote Distributive Justice: A “Liberal” Conceptual Framework

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