Universal relations between soot effective density and primary particle size for common combustion sources

Olfert, Jason S.; Rogak, Steven N.

doi:10.1080/02786826.2019.1577949

Cited by 80 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Raman spectroscopy and TEM analysis were performed on samples of soot classified by aerodynamic diameter. The primary particle diameter increases for larger projected-area diameters; the relationship is in approximate agreement with a correlation developed recently for multiple soot sources (Olfert and Rogak, 2019). The challenge in validating this relationship quantitatively using the impactor sampling is that there are potential artifacts due to overloaded samples and possible fragmentation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…For stage Figure 6. The relationship between the primary particle diameter and the projected-area-equivalent diameter from the literature is shown as the dashed line (Olfert and Rogak, 2019) and experimentally here (symbols). Full and empty symbols identify results achieved by analyzing similar images as Fig.…”

Section: Tem Analysismentioning

confidence: 93%

“…6, the relationship between the projected-areaequivalent diameter (d a ) and the primary particle diameter (d p ) is shown. For comparison, we show the universal fit (Olfert and Rogak, 2019) for a wide range of soot sources; the fit equation is…”

Section: Tem Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphology and Raman spectra of aerodynamically classified soot samples

Baldelli

Rogak

2019

Atmos. Meas. Tech.

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Abstract. Airborne soot is emitted from combustion processes as aggregates of primary particles. The size of the primary particles and the overall aggregate size control soot transport properties, and prior research shows that these parameters may be related to the soot nanostructure. In this work, a laminar, inverted nonpremixed burner has been used as a source of soot that is almost completely elemental carbon. The inverted burner was connected to an electrical low-pressure impactor, which collected particles on stages according to the aerodynamic diameter, from 0.03 to 10 µm. The morphology was analyzed using a transmission electron microscope followed by image processing to extract projected area and average primary particle size for each aggregate (approximately 1000 aggregates analyzed in total for the nine impactor stages). Carbon nanostructure was analyzed using a Raman spectrometer, and five vibrational bands (D4, D1, D3, G, and D2) were fitted to the spectra to obtain an estimate of the carbon disorder. The average primary particle diameter increases from 15 to 30 nm as the impactor stage aerodynamic diameter increases. The D1, D3, D2, and D4 bands decreased (relative to the G band) with the particle size, suggesting that the larger aggregates have larger graphitic domains.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Tem Analysismentioning

confidence: 93%

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Morphology and Raman spectra of aerodynamically classified soot samples

Baldelli

Rogak

2019

Atmos. Meas. Tech.

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“…the primary particle size increases monotonically with the stage number, so differences in Raman spectra with the stage number are plausibly associated with primary particle size. Figure 6 The relationship between the primary particle diameter and the projected-area-equivalent diameter from the literature is shown as the dashed line (Olfert and Rogak, 2019) and experimentally here (symbols). Full and empty symbols identify results achieved by analyzing similar images as Figure 3 a) and b), respectively.…”

Section: Equationmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…shown. For comparison, we show the "universal fit" (Olfert and Rogak, 2019) for a wide range of soot sources; the fit equation is p = 17.8 ( a 100 ) 0.35…”

Section: Tem Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology and Raman spectra of aerodynamically-classified soot samples

Baldelli¹,

Rogak²

2019

Preprint

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Abstract. Airborne soot is emitted from combustion processes as aggregates of primary particles. The size of the primary particles and the overall aggregate size control soot transport properties, and prior research shows that these parameters may be related to the soot nanostructure. In this work, a laminar, inverted non-premixed burner has been used as a source of soot that is almost completely elemental carbon. The inverted burner was connected to an Electrostatic Low-Pressure Impactor, which collected particles on stages according to the aerodynamic diameter, from 0.3 to 10 μm. The morphology was analyzed using a Transmission Electron Microscope followed by image processing to extract projected area and average primary particle size for each aggregate (approximately 1000 aggregates analyzed in total for the 9 impactor stages). Carbon nanostructure was analyzed using a Raman spectrometer, and 5 absorption bands (D4, D1, D3, G, and D2) were fitted to the spectra to obtain an estimate of the carbon disorder. The average primary particle diameter increases from 15 to 30 nm as the impactor stage aerodynamic diameter increases. The D1, D3, D2, and D4 bands decreased (relative to the G band) with the particle size, suggesting that the larger aggregates have larger graphitic domains.

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