“…In particular, the poor stability of OER catalysts under acidic conditions necessitates the development of novel engineering strategies to create multifunctional electrode materials suitable for the HER in neutral or alkaline electrolytes. 4–8 Although extensive research has been focused on Pt-free catalysts to reduce costs, while ensuring reasonable efficiency, a discernible performance disparity between Pt-free and Pt-based counterparts remains evident. Pt-based materials currently continue to demonstrate state-of-the-art catalytic activity for the HER due to the rapid recombination of hydrogen intermediates (Tafel step, 2H* → H 2 ), but are largely restricted by the poor activation for the dissociation of water (Volmer step, 2H 2 O + 2e − → H 2 + 2HO − ), and the prohibitive costs and scarce reserves.…”