University and Educational Notes

Gates, Frederick L.

doi:10.1126/science.68.1768.479-a

Cited by 71 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The basic means by which UV light affected living organisms remained unknown until Gates (1928) discovered a similarity between the action spectrum of bacterial inactivation and the absorption spectrum of nucleic acids. As early as 1949, it was shown that uracil lost its characteristic absorbance and yielded an unstable product on irradiation with UVL of 254 nm (Sinsheimer and Hastings, 1949;Sinsheimer, 1954).…”

Section: Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Ultraviolet Light-Carcinogenesis

Black

Chan

1977

Photochem Photobiol

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Section: Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Ultraviolet Light-Carcinogenesis

Black

Chan

1977

Photochem Photobiol

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“…The first series of action spectra of bacterial cell killing by far-UV were reported in the 1920's by Gates (1928Gates ( , 1929Gates ( and 1930. The maximum killing effectiveness was found to be at about 260 nm, which was soon confirmed by others with the same or different bacterial strains (Wykoff, 1932;Hollaender and Dugger, 1936).…”

mentioning

confidence: 48%

Cell killing and mutation induction on Chinese hamster cells by photoradiations

Lam¹

1982

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“…UV radiation is also damaging to bacteria [55,56] or fungi [57]. Also, viral infections are affected, although not only by a direct effect on the infectious agents, but also via immunomodulation (see Section 3.3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

UV “Indices”—What Do They Indicate?

Moshammer

Simic

Haluza

2016

IJERPH

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Ultra-Violet (UV) radiation covers the spectrum of wavelengths from 100 to 400 nm. The potency and biological activity for a variety of endpoints differ by wavelength. For monitoring and communication purposes, different UV action spectra have been developed. These spectra use different weighting functions. The action spectrum for erythemal dose is the most widely used one. This erythemal dose per time or dose-rate has been further simplified into a “UV index”. Following this example, in our review we use the term “index” or (plural) “indices” in a more general description for all simplified single-value measures for any biologically effective UV dose, e.g., for human non-melanoma skin cancer and for previtamin D production rate. Ongoing discussion about the existence of an increased melanoma risk due to UV-A exposure underscores the uncertainties inherent in current weighting functions. Thus, we performed an online literature search to review the data basis for these indices, to understand their relevance for an individual, and to assess the applicability of the indices for a range of exposure scenarios. Even for natural (solar) UV, the spectral composition varies spatially and temporally. Artificial UV sources and personal protection introduce further variation to the spectral composition. Many biological effects are proposed for UV radiation. Only few endpoints have been studied sufficiently to estimate a reliable index. Weighting functions for chronic effects and most importantly for cancer endpoints have been developed in animal models, and often for proxy endpoints only. Epidemiological studies on biological effects of UV radiation should not only depend on single-value weighted UV dose estimates (indexes) but should strive for a more detailed description of the individual exposure. A better understanding of the adverse and beneficial effects of UV radiation by wavelength would also improve medical counseling and health communication regarding individual health-supportive behavior.

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University and Educational Notes

Cited by 71 publications

References 3 publications

Experimental Ultraviolet Light-Carcinogenesis

Experimental Ultraviolet Light-Carcinogenesis

Cell killing and mutation induction on Chinese hamster cells by photoradiations

UV “Indices”—What Do They Indicate?

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