“…This natural compound is synthesized through the shikimic acid pathway in plant metabolism, and it is one of the most abundant and highly functional polyphenolic substances found in a variety of edible plants, fruits, and vegetables, including coffee beans, Lonicerae flos , and Eucommia ulmoides leaves ( Tajik et al, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2019 ; Li et al, 2020b ; Wang et al, 2022 ). Available evidence from clinical and animal model studies has demonstrated that CGA possesses a series of prominent biological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and metabolic regulatory activities, and the clinical treatment with CGA has been shown to cure metabolic syndromes and cardiovascular dysfunctions, lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels, regulate glucose metabolism, improve the functionality of multiple organs and systems, and prevent bacterial and viral infections ( Liang and Kitts, 2015 ; Li et al, 2020a ; Lu et al, 2020 ; Wang et al, 2022 ; Huang et al, 2023 ; Murai and Matsuda, 2023 ; Xue et al, 2023 ; Hu et al, 2024 ). The application of CGA has recently received increasing attention in the field of animal nutrition, especially in swine production ( Dai et al, 2024 ).…”