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Straw return and plastic film mulching are two critical management measures that not only maintain high and stable crop yields, but also have a significant impact on the ecological environment. However, there is still a lack of research on the comprehensive effects of straw return and different film mulching treatments on the ecological environment. Thus, a 2-year field experiment was conducted and six treatments, which included two main treatments, namely straw return (SR) and non-straw return (NR), and three sub-treatments, namely no film mulching (CK), plastic film mulching (PM) and fully biodegradable film mulching (BM), were applied in a garlic cropping system. Based on the life cycle assessment method, six endpoint damage categories, resource consumption, global warming potential, environmental acidification, eutrophication, human health, and ecotoxicity, were assessed. Furthermore, we also evaluated the costs and economic benefits of the six treatments and optimized the treatment of used mulch and straw off-farm. The results indicated that the environmental impacts of the six endpoint damages in the garlic cropping system were ranked as ecotoxicity, eutrophication, environmental acidification, global warming potential, human health, and resource consumption. The SR-BM treatment had the lowest life cycle environmental impact composite index at 27.68 per unit area, followed by SR-PM at 27.75. All six endpoint damage categories for the PM and BM treatments were lower than the CK treatment per t of yield, with the SR-BM treatment being the most economically efficient, yielding at 3691.03 CNY·t−1 and exceeding that of the SR-CK treatment by 7.26%. Fertilizer inputs were the primary contributor to resource consumption, global warming potential, environmental acidification, eutrophication, and ecotoxicity, accounting for about 72.80% of these five environmental impacts. Crop protection significantly affected human health, and garlic mulching helped minimize pesticide use, thereby reducing potential health impacts. Compared to straw incineration and waste mulch power generation, straw power generation and waste mulch recycling granulation offered positive environmental benefits and were more effective offset strategies. In conclusion, straw return with biodegradable mulch is a synergistic cultivation measure that offers both environmental and economic benefits. For straw return with plastic film mulch, environmental impacts can be reduced by waste mulch recycling granulation.
Straw return and plastic film mulching are two critical management measures that not only maintain high and stable crop yields, but also have a significant impact on the ecological environment. However, there is still a lack of research on the comprehensive effects of straw return and different film mulching treatments on the ecological environment. Thus, a 2-year field experiment was conducted and six treatments, which included two main treatments, namely straw return (SR) and non-straw return (NR), and three sub-treatments, namely no film mulching (CK), plastic film mulching (PM) and fully biodegradable film mulching (BM), were applied in a garlic cropping system. Based on the life cycle assessment method, six endpoint damage categories, resource consumption, global warming potential, environmental acidification, eutrophication, human health, and ecotoxicity, were assessed. Furthermore, we also evaluated the costs and economic benefits of the six treatments and optimized the treatment of used mulch and straw off-farm. The results indicated that the environmental impacts of the six endpoint damages in the garlic cropping system were ranked as ecotoxicity, eutrophication, environmental acidification, global warming potential, human health, and resource consumption. The SR-BM treatment had the lowest life cycle environmental impact composite index at 27.68 per unit area, followed by SR-PM at 27.75. All six endpoint damage categories for the PM and BM treatments were lower than the CK treatment per t of yield, with the SR-BM treatment being the most economically efficient, yielding at 3691.03 CNY·t−1 and exceeding that of the SR-CK treatment by 7.26%. Fertilizer inputs were the primary contributor to resource consumption, global warming potential, environmental acidification, eutrophication, and ecotoxicity, accounting for about 72.80% of these five environmental impacts. Crop protection significantly affected human health, and garlic mulching helped minimize pesticide use, thereby reducing potential health impacts. Compared to straw incineration and waste mulch power generation, straw power generation and waste mulch recycling granulation offered positive environmental benefits and were more effective offset strategies. In conclusion, straw return with biodegradable mulch is a synergistic cultivation measure that offers both environmental and economic benefits. For straw return with plastic film mulch, environmental impacts can be reduced by waste mulch recycling granulation.
The BRICS's countries are not equally committed to the alliance. As the alliance works to influence global norms and dynamics, it has become evident that the original members have diverse goals and interests, resulting in differing levels of commitment to BRICS. The chapter seeks to analyze the level of commitment of the BRICS' countries by measuring four critical variables in each country – socioeconomic well-being, soft power, external vulnerabilities, and capacity to preserve the environment. Once measured, each of these variables are compared across the five original member countries to determine the level of commitment of each country to BRICS. The results indicate that Brazil has a significant level of commitment, followed by China with a moderate-high level. Next in line are India, Russia, and South Africa, all exhibiting a moderate-low level of commitment. These findings demonstrate how the structural and institutional backdrop of each country influences their strategies and dynamics of a budding alliance.
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