Unmanned Aerial Mass Spectrometer Systems for In-Situ Volcanic Plume Analysis

Diaz, J. A.; Pieri, David C.; Wright, Kenneth C.; Sörensen, Paul; Kline-Shoder, Robert; Arkin, C. Richard; Fladeland, Matthew; Bland, G.; Buongiorno, M. F.; Ramírez, Carlos; Corrales, Ernesto; Alan, Alfredo; Alegria, Oscar; Diaz, David; Linick, Justin

doi:10.1007/s13361-014-1058-x

Cited by 45 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The combination of these sensors enabled the estimation of fluxes of SO 2 and CO 2 , which are crucial for revealing the geochemical condition of erupting volcanoes. The monitoring of gas composition including CO 2 , SO 2 , H 2 S and H 2 , as well as air temperature, can be used for the quantification of the degassing activities and prediction of the conduit magma convection, as suggested by the tests at several volcanoes in Japan (Shinohara, 2013;Mori et al, 2016) and in Costa Rica (Diaz et al, 2015).…”

Section: Topographic Measurements Of Volcanoesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review article: the use of remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPASs) for natural hazards monitoring and management

Giordan

Hayakawa

Nex

et al. 2018

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

145

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Abstract. The number of scientific studies that consider possible applications of remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPASs) for the management of natural hazards effects and the identification of occurred damages strongly increased in the last decade. Nowadays, in the scientific community, the use of these systems is not a novelty, but a deeper analysis of the literature shows a lack of codified complex methodologies that can be used not only for scientific experiments but also for normal codified emergency operations. RPASs can acquire on-demand ultra-high-resolution images that can be used for the identification of active processes such as landslides or volcanic activities but can also define the effects of earthquakes, wildfires and floods. In this paper, we present a review of published literature that describes experimental methodologies developed for the study and monitoring of natural hazards. IntroductionIn the last three decades, the number of natural disasters showed a positive trend with an increase in the number of affected populations. Disasters not only affected the poor and characteristically more vulnerable countries but also those thought to be better protected. The Annual Disaster Statistical Review describes recent impacts of natural disasters on the population and reports 342 naturally triggered disasters in 2016 (Guha-Sapir et al., 2017). This is less than the annual average disaster frequency observed from 2006 to 2015 (376.4 events). However, natural disasters are still responsible for a high number of casualties (8733 death). In the period 2006-2015, the average number of causalities caused annually by natural disasters is 69 827. In 2016, hydrological disasters (177) had the largest share in natural disaster occurrence (51.8 %), followed by meteorological disasters (96; 28.1 %), climatological disasters (38; 11.1 %) and geophysical disasters (31; 9.1 %) (Guha-Sapir et al., 2017). To face these disasters, one of the most important solutions is the use of systems able to provide an adequate level of information for correctly understanding these events and their evolution. In this context, surveying and monitoring natural hazards gained importance. In particular, during the emergency phase it is very important to evaluate and control the phenomenon of evolution, preferably operating in near real time or real time, and consequently, use this information for a better risk assessment scenario. The available acquired data must be processed rapidly to support the emergency services and decision makers.Recently, the use of remote sensing (satellite and airborne platform) in the field of natural hazards and disasters has become common, also supported by the increase in geospatial technologies and the ability to provide and process up-to-date imagery (Joyce et al., 2009;Tarolli, 2014). Remotely sensed data play an integral role in predicting hazard events such as floods and landslides, subsidence events and other ground instabilities. Because of their acquisition mode and capabilPublished by Copern...

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Section: Topographic Measurements Of Volcanoesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review article: the use of remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPASs) for natural hazards monitoring and management

Giordan

Hayakawa

Nex

et al. 2018

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

145

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“…In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration has released its small UAS regulation Part 107, which permits UAS flights by pilots that pass a remote pilot exam. Waivers can be acquired to do special types of flying such as night operations, flying beyond line-of-sight (BLOS), and having a single UAS pilot control multiple aircraft simultaneously commonly referred to as SWARM flights (Diaz et al 2015). For most eruption settings, large-scale monitoring over the length of the entire flow field will require BLOS flying and/or the use of SWARM technology with multiple UAS mapping sections of the lava flow simultaneously.…”

Section: Successful Volcano Monitoring With Uasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lava flow hazard prediction and monitoring with UAS: a case study from the 2014–2015 Pāhoa lava flow crisis, Hawai‘i

2017

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Accurately predicting lava flow path behavior is critical for active crisis management operations. The advance and emplacement of pāhoehoe flows modifies and inverts pre-existing topography, prompting the need for rapid and accurate updates to the topographic models used to forecast flow paths. The evolution and velocity of pāhoehoe flows are dependent on macro and micro topography, the slope of the descent path, effusion rate, and rheology. During the 2014-2015 Pāhoa crisis on the island of Hawai'i, we used a low-altitude unmanned aerial system (UAS) to quickly and repeatedly image the active front of a slowly advancing pāhoehoe lava flow. This imagery was used to generate a series of 1 m resolution bare-earth digital elevation models (DEMs) and associated paths of steepest descent over the study area. The spatial resolution and timeliness of these UAS-derived models are an improvement over the existing topographic data used by managers during the crisis. Results from a stepwise resampling experiment suggest that the optimum DEM resolution for generating accurate pāhoehoe flow paths through lowland tropical forest environments is between 1 and 3 m. Our updated models show that future flows in this area will likely be deflected by these newly emplaced flows, possibly threatening communities not directly impacted by the original 2014-2015 lava flow. We demonstrate the value of deploying UAS during a dynamic volcanic crisis and suggest that this technology can fill critical monitoring gaps for Kīlauea and other active volcanoes worldwide.

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“…With an in situ sampling strategy, obtaining samples from the freshly emitted plume is feasible, while ground-based in situ sampling of the aged plume further downwind is rarely possible and is dependent on specific wind and geographical conditions. In the last decade, with the development of compact and cost effective unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), several deployments of gas sensors and other in situ methods, e.g., particle detection (Altstädter et al, 2015), as well as applications of spectrometers were realized (e.g., McGonigle et al, 2008;Diaz et al, 2015;Mori et al, 2016;Villa et al, 2016 and references therein). Pioneering UAV deployments were already conducted in the late 1970s (Faivre-Pierret et al, 1980).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation of electrochemical, optical and denuder-based sensors and sampling techniques on UAV for volcanic gas measurements: examples from Masaya, Turrialba and Stromboli volcanoes

Rüdiger

Tirpitz

Moor³

et al. 2018

Atmos. Meas. Tech.

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Abstract. Volcanoes are a natural source of several reactive gases (e.g., sulfur and halogen containing species) and nonreactive gases (e.g., carbon dioxide) to the atmosphere. The relative abundance of carbon and sulfur in volcanic gas as well as the total sulfur dioxide emission rate from a volcanic vent are established parameters in current volcanomonitoring strategies, and they oftentimes allow insights into subsurface processes. However, chemical reactions involving halogens are thought to have local to regional impact on the atmospheric chemistry around passively degassing volcanoes. In this study we demonstrate the successful deployment of a multirotor UAV (quadcopter) system with custom-made lightweight payloads for the compositional analysis and gas flux estimation of volcanic plumes. The various applications and their potential are presented and discussed in example studies at three volcanoes encompassing flight heights of 450 to 3300 m and various states of volcanic activity. Field applications were performed at Stromboli volcano (Italy), Turrialba volcano (Costa Rica) and Masaya volcano (Nicaragua). Two in situ gas-measuring systems adapted for autonomous airborne measurements, based on electrochemical and optical detection principles, as well as an airborne sampling unit, are introduced. We show volcanic gas composition results including abundances of CO 2 , SO 2 and halogen species. The new instrumental setups were compared with established instruments during ground-based measurements at Masaya volcano, which resulted in CO 2 / SO 2 ratios of 3.6 ± 0.4. For total SO 2 flux estimations a small differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) system measured SO 2 column amounts on transversal flights below the plume at Turrialba volcano, giving 1776 ± 1108 T d −1 and 1616 ± 1007 T d −1 of SO 2 during two traverses. At Stromboli volcano, elevated CO 2 / SO 2 ratios were observed at spatial and temporal proximity to explosions by airborne in situ measurements. Reactive bromine to sulfur ratios of 0.19 × 10 −4 to 9.8 × 10 −4 were measured in situ in the plume of Stromboli volcano, downwind of the vent.

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Unmanned Aerial Mass Spectrometer Systems for In-Situ Volcanic Plume Analysis

Cited by 45 publications

References 17 publications

Review article: the use of remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPASs) for natural hazards monitoring and management

Review article: the use of remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPASs) for natural hazards monitoring and management

Lava flow hazard prediction and monitoring with UAS: a case study from the 2014–2015 Pāhoa lava flow crisis, Hawai‘i

Implementation of electrochemical, optical and denuder-based sensors and sampling techniques on UAV for volcanic gas measurements: examples from Masaya, Turrialba and Stromboli volcanoes

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