Unmanned Aircraft Design: A Review of Fundamentals

Cybersecurity in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)

“…According to Sadraey [26], an unmanned aerial system has five different components: UAV, UAV operating environment, a ground control station (GCS), payloads, and repair and support systems. The UAV is an aerial vehicle with its control and orientation elements and sensors.…”

“…The UAV is an aerial vehicle with its control and orientation elements and sensors. The GCS is the user's device for UAV contact and maybe a fixed control station, portable mobile, laptop, and/or smartphone app [26,27]. The environment includes airspace, which can be subject to different laws that directives depending on the position.…”

“…The payload can include cameras, sensors, and disposable parts, for example, fluid crop-spray or military-use arms (not necessary for navigation). Support and maintenance roles are needed to ensure it remains effective such as military activities or exploration and rescue operations [26].…”

“…Systems of communication are used to transmit instructions such as the tracking and controlling payloads and telemetry of flights and video and other UAV data from payloads and sensors. It also comprises of a radio frequency and receiver up and downlink and a Wi-Fi or mobile communication [11,26]. Drones optimized with mobile internet use, such as 4 G/LTE, can improve communication efficiency between UAV and ground control, particularly over long distances [27].…”

Immunity-Based Framework for Autonomous Flight in GPS-Challenged Environment

“…Tracking the path of any moving or flying autonomous vehicle can be achieved using a GNSS [9], which provides feedback of the current position and velocity to a controller that adjusts the speed and the dynamic motion to update the position and velocity [10,11].…”