“…In contrast, the MLA approach suggests that research focus should shift from regions towards the administrative interior of government institutions at different levels of government, principally towards administrative sub-units at each level, and how these mutually relate. To illustrate, the MLA approach directs attention towards the behavior and role perceptions of unelected office holders (Trondal et al, 2010), the autonomy and interaction of sub-units at each administrative level (Ege and Bauer, 2013;Egeberg, 2006;Trondal and Peters, 2013), the 'in-house' socialization processes of staff (Beyers, 2010), and so on. Focus is thus not primarily on government apparatuses as arenas, but rather on government apparatuses as normative structures that mobilize bias (Schattschneider, 1975) and that contribute to a systematic patterning of behavioral patterns among office holders (Simon, 1957).…”